[FLINK-36476] [TABLE-SQL] Remove deprecated methods

[corgy-w]

What is the purpose of the change

[FLINK-36476](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/FLINK-36476) Remove all deprecated methods under public APIs in table modules

subtask:

• [FLINK-36477](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/FLINK-36477) Remove deprecated method BaseExpressions#cast in table-api-java
• [FLINK-36478](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/FLINK-36478) Remove deprecated methods EnvironmentSettings#fromConfiguration and EnvironmentSettings#toConfiguration
• [FLINK-36480](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/FLINK-36480) Remove all deprecated methods in TableConfig
• [FLINK-36483](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/FLINK-36483) Remove deprecated method TableResult#getTableSchema

Brief change log

Remove deprecated methods

Verifying this change

This change is already covered by existing tests

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): no
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): no
• The serializers: no
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): no
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: no
• The S3 file system connector: no

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? no
• If yes, how is the feature documented? not applicable

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• bec3e97 Azure: FAILURE

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