diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
index 3e0a3b5386..e1187ded38 100644
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ b/ChangeLog
@@ -24,6 +24,12 @@ Release date: TBA
   thus allowing return of partially inferred strings, for example "a/{MISSING_VALUE}/b" when
   inferring ``f"a/{missing}/b"`` with ``missing`` being uninferable
 
+  Closes #2621
+
+* Fix crash when typing._alias() call is missing arguments.
+
+  Closes #2513
+
 
 What's New in astroid 3.3.6?
 ============================
diff --git a/astroid/brain/brain_typing.py b/astroid/brain/brain_typing.py
index 239e63af24..c44687bf89 100644
--- a/astroid/brain/brain_typing.py
+++ b/astroid/brain/brain_typing.py
@@ -258,6 +258,7 @@ def _looks_like_typing_alias(node: Call) -> bool:
         isinstance(node.func, Name)
         # TODO: remove _DeprecatedGenericAlias when Py3.14 min
         and node.func.name in {"_alias", "_DeprecatedGenericAlias"}
+        and len(node.args) == 2
         and (
             # _alias function works also for builtins object such as list and dict
             isinstance(node.args[0], (Attribute, Name))
diff --git a/astroid/interpreter/_import/spec.py b/astroid/interpreter/_import/spec.py
index 9795835e15..e0c54d4a8a 100644
--- a/astroid/interpreter/_import/spec.py
+++ b/astroid/interpreter/_import/spec.py
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ def find_module(
         modname: str,
         module_parts: tuple[str, ...],
         processed: tuple[str, ...],
-        submodule_path: Sequence[str] | None,
+        submodule_path: tuple[str, ...] | None,
     ) -> ModuleSpec | None:
         """Find the given module.
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ def find_module(
                                   namespace.
         :param processed: What parts from the module parts were processed
                                so far.
-        :param submodule_path: A list of paths where the module
+        :param submodule_path: A tuple of paths where the module
                                     can be looked into.
         :returns: A ModuleSpec, describing how and where the module was found,
                   None, otherwise.
@@ -127,11 +127,12 @@ class ImportlibFinder(Finder):
     )
 
     @staticmethod
+    @lru_cache(maxsize=1024)
     def find_module(
         modname: str,
         module_parts: tuple[str, ...],
         processed: tuple[str, ...],
-        submodule_path: Sequence[str] | None,
+        submodule_path: tuple[str, ...] | None,
     ) -> ModuleSpec | None:
         if submodule_path is not None:
             search_paths = list(submodule_path)
@@ -222,11 +223,12 @@ class ExplicitNamespacePackageFinder(ImportlibFinder):
     """A finder for the explicit namespace packages."""
 
     @staticmethod
+    @lru_cache(maxsize=1024)
     def find_module(
         modname: str,
         module_parts: tuple[str, ...],
         processed: tuple[str, ...],
-        submodule_path: Sequence[str] | None,
+        submodule_path: tuple[str, ...] | None,
     ) -> ModuleSpec | None:
         if processed:
             modname = ".".join([*processed, modname])
@@ -261,11 +263,12 @@ def __init__(self, path: Sequence[str]) -> None:
                     continue
 
     @staticmethod
+    @lru_cache(maxsize=1024)
     def find_module(
         modname: str,
         module_parts: tuple[str, ...],
         processed: tuple[str, ...],
-        submodule_path: Sequence[str] | None,
+        submodule_path: tuple[str, ...] | None,
     ) -> ModuleSpec | None:
         try:
             file_type, filename, path = _search_zip(module_parts)
@@ -285,11 +288,12 @@ class PathSpecFinder(Finder):
     """Finder based on importlib.machinery.PathFinder."""
 
     @staticmethod
+    @lru_cache(maxsize=1024)
     def find_module(
         modname: str,
         module_parts: tuple[str, ...],
         processed: tuple[str, ...],
-        submodule_path: Sequence[str] | None,
+        submodule_path: tuple[str, ...] | None,
     ) -> ModuleSpec | None:
         spec = importlib.machinery.PathFinder.find_spec(modname, path=submodule_path)
         if spec is not None:
@@ -373,7 +377,7 @@ def _find_spec_with_path(
     modname: str,
     module_parts: tuple[str, ...],
     processed: tuple[str, ...],
-    submodule_path: Sequence[str] | None,
+    submodule_path: tuple[str, ...] | None,
 ) -> tuple[Finder | _MetaPathFinder, ModuleSpec]:
     for finder in _SPEC_FINDERS:
         finder_instance = finder(search_path)
@@ -451,25 +455,30 @@ def _find_spec(
     # Need a copy for not mutating the argument.
     modpath = list(module_path)
 
-    submodule_path = None
+    search_paths = None
     processed: list[str] = []
 
     while modpath:
         modname = modpath.pop(0)
+
+        submodule_path = search_paths or path
+        if submodule_path is not None:
+            submodule_path = tuple(submodule_path)
+
         finder, spec = _find_spec_with_path(
-            _path, modname, module_path, tuple(processed), submodule_path or path
+            _path, modname, module_path, tuple(processed), submodule_path
         )
         processed.append(modname)
         if modpath:
             if isinstance(finder, Finder):
-                submodule_path = finder.contribute_to_path(spec, processed)
-            # If modname is a package from an editable install, update submodule_path
+                search_paths = finder.contribute_to_path(spec, processed)
+            # If modname is a package from an editable install, update search_paths
             # so that the next module in the path will be found inside of it using importlib.
             # Existence of __name__ is guaranteed by _find_spec_with_path.
             elif finder.__name__ in _EditableFinderClasses:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-                submodule_path = spec.submodule_search_locations
+                search_paths = spec.submodule_search_locations
 
         if spec.type == ModuleType.PKG_DIRECTORY:
-            spec = spec._replace(submodule_search_locations=submodule_path)
+            spec = spec._replace(submodule_search_locations=search_paths)
 
     return spec
diff --git a/astroid/manager.py b/astroid/manager.py
index ee4024448d..87420585c4 100644
--- a/astroid/manager.py
+++ b/astroid/manager.py
@@ -482,6 +482,9 @@ def clear_cache(self) -> None:
         ):
             lru_cache.cache_clear()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
+        for finder in spec._SPEC_FINDERS:
+            finder.find_module.cache_clear()
+
         self.bootstrap()
 
         # Reload brain plugins. During initialisation this is done in astroid.manager.py
diff --git a/astroid/nodes/scoped_nodes/scoped_nodes.py b/astroid/nodes/scoped_nodes/scoped_nodes.py
index f94404086f..99ed79675b 100644
--- a/astroid/nodes/scoped_nodes/scoped_nodes.py
+++ b/astroid/nodes/scoped_nodes/scoped_nodes.py
@@ -2354,26 +2354,24 @@ def getattr(
 
         if name in self.special_attributes and class_context and not values:
             result = [self.special_attributes.lookup(name)]
-            if name == "__bases__":
-                # Need special treatment, since they are mutable
-                # and we need to return all the values.
-                result += values
             return result
 
         if class_context:
             values += self._metaclass_lookup_attribute(name, context)
 
-        # Remove AnnAssigns without value, which are not attributes in the purest sense.
-        for value in values.copy():
+        result: list[InferenceResult] = []
+        for value in values:
             if isinstance(value, node_classes.AssignName):
                 stmt = value.statement()
+                # Ignore AnnAssigns without value, which are not attributes in the purest sense.
                 if isinstance(stmt, node_classes.AnnAssign) and stmt.value is None:
-                    values.pop(values.index(value))
+                    continue
+            result.append(value)
 
-        if not values:
+        if not result:
             raise AttributeInferenceError(target=self, attribute=name, context=context)
 
-        return values
+        return result
 
     @lru_cache(maxsize=1024)  # noqa
     def _metaclass_lookup_attribute(self, name, context):
@@ -2385,7 +2383,7 @@ def _metaclass_lookup_attribute(self, name, context):
         for cls in (implicit_meta, metaclass):
             if cls and cls != self and isinstance(cls, ClassDef):
                 cls_attributes = self._get_attribute_from_metaclass(cls, name, context)
-                attrs.update(set(cls_attributes))
+                attrs.update(cls_attributes)
         return attrs
 
     def _get_attribute_from_metaclass(self, cls, name, context):
diff --git a/tests/brain/test_typing.py b/tests/brain/test_typing.py
index 1e8e3eaf88..11b77b7f9e 100644
--- a/tests/brain/test_typing.py
+++ b/tests/brain/test_typing.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 import pytest
 
-from astroid import builder
+from astroid import bases, builder, nodes
 from astroid.exceptions import InferenceError
 
 
@@ -23,3 +23,50 @@ def test_infer_typevar() -> None:
     )
     with pytest.raises(InferenceError):
         call_node.inferred()
+
+
+class TestTypingAlias:
+    def test_infer_typing_alias(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Test that _alias() calls can be inferred.
+        """
+        node = builder.extract_node(
+            """
+            from typing import _alias
+            x = _alias(int, float)
+            """
+        )
+        assert isinstance(node, nodes.Assign)
+        assert isinstance(node.value, nodes.Call)
+        inferred = next(node.value.infer())
+        assert isinstance(inferred, nodes.ClassDef)
+        assert len(inferred.bases) == 1
+        assert inferred.bases[0].name == "int"
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "alias_args",
+        [
+            "",  # two missing arguments
+            "int",  # one missing argument
+            "int, float, tuple",  # one additional argument
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_infer_typing_alias_incorrect_number_of_arguments(
+        self, alias_args: str
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Regression test for: https://github.com/pylint-dev/astroid/issues/2513
+
+        Test that _alias() calls with the incorrect number of arguments can be inferred.
+        """
+        node = builder.extract_node(
+            f"""
+            from typing import _alias
+            x = _alias({alias_args})
+            """
+        )
+        assert isinstance(node, nodes.Assign)
+        assert isinstance(node.value, nodes.Call)
+        inferred = next(node.value.infer())
+        assert isinstance(inferred, bases.Instance)
+        assert inferred.name == "_SpecialGenericAlias"