CHANGES.md

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Language changes

• Declarations may now use numeric constraint guards. This is a feature that allows a function to behave differently depending on its numeric type parameters. See the manual section) for more information.

• The foreign function interface (FFI) has been added, which allows Cryptol to call functions written in C. See the manual section for more information.

• The unary - operator now has the same precedence as binary -, meaning expressions like -x^^2 will now parse as -(x^^2) instead of (-x)^^2. This is a breaking change. A warning has been added in cases where the behavior has changed, and can be disabled with :set warnPrefixAssoc=off.

• Infix operators are now allowed in import lists: import M ((<+>)) will import only the operator <+> from module M.

New features

• Add a :time command to benchmark the evaluation time of expressions.

• Add support for literate Cryptol using reStructuredText. Cryptol code is extracted from .. code-block:: cryptol and .. sourcecode:: cryptol directives.

• Add a syntax highlight file for Vim, available in syntax-highlight/cryptol.vim

• Add :new-seed and :set-seed commands to the REPL. These affect random test generation, and help write reproducable Cryptol scripts.

• Add support for the CVC5 solver, which can be selected with :set prover=cvc5. If you want to specify a What4 or SBV backend, you can use :set prover=w4-cvc5 or :set prover=sbv-cvc5, respectively. (Note that sbv-cvc5 is non-functional on Windows at this time due to a downstream issue with CVC5 1.0.4 and earlier.)

Bug fixes

• Fix a bug in the What4 backend that could cause applications of (@) with symbolic Integer indices to become out of bounds (#1359).

• Fix a bug that caused finite bitvector enumerations to panic when used in combination with (#) (e.g., [0..1] # 0).

• Improve documentation for fromInteger (#1465)

2.13.0

Language changes

• Update the implementation of the Prelude function sortBy to use a merge sort instead of an insertion sort. This improves the both asymptotic and observed performance on sorting tasks.

UI improvements

• "Type mismatch" errors now show a context giving more information about the location of the error. The context is shown when the part of the types match, but then some nested types do not. For example, when mathching { a : [8], b : [8] } with { a : [8], b : [16] } the error will be 8 does not match 16 and the context will be { b : [ERROR] _ } indicating that the error is in the length of the sequence of field b.

Bug fixes

• The What4 backend now properly supports Boolector 3.2.2 or later.

• Make error message locations more precise in some cases (issue #1299).

• Make :reload behave as expected after loading a module with :module (issue #1313).

• Make include paths work as expected when nested within another include (issue #1321).

• Fix a panic that occurred when loading dependencies before includes are resolved (issue #1330).

• Closed issues #1098, #1280, and #1347.

• Merged pull requests #1233, #1300, #1301, #1302, #1303, #1305, #1306, #1307, #1308, #1311, #1312, #1317, #1319, #1323, #1326, #1331, #1333, #1336, #1337, #1338, #1342, #1346, #1348, and #1349.

2.12.0

Language changes

• Updates to the layout rule. We simplified the specification and made some minor changes, in particular:

  • Paren blocks nested in a layout block need to respect the indentation if the layout block
  • We allow nested layout blocks to have the same indentation, which is convenient when writing private declarations as they don't need to be indented as long as they are at the end of the file.

• New enumeration forms [x .. y by n], [x .. <y by n], [x .. y down by n] and [x .. >y down by n] have been implemented. These new forms let the user explicitly specify the stride for an enumeration, as opposed to the previous [x, y .. z] form (where the stride was computed from x and y).

• Nested modules are now available (from pull request #1048). For example, the following is now valid Cryptol:

    module SubmodTest where
  
    import submodule B as C
  
    submodule A where
      propA = C::y > 5
  
    submodule B where
      y : Integer
      y = 42
  

New features

• What4 prover backends now feature an improved multi-SAT procedure which is significantly faster than the old algorithm. Thanks to Levent Erkök for the suggestion.

• There is a new w4-abc solver option, which communicates to ABC as an external process via What4.

• Expanded support for declaration forms in the REPL. You can now define infix operators, type synonyms and mutually-recursive functions, and state signatures and fixity declarations. Multiple declarations can be combined into a single line by separating them with ;, which is necessary for stating a signature together with a definition, etc.

• There is a new :set path REPL option that provides an alternative to CRYPTOLPATH for controlling where to search for imported modules (issue #631).

• The cryptol-remote-api server now natively supports HTTPS (issue #1008), newtype values (issue #1033), and safety checking (issue #1166).

• Releases optionally include solvers (issue #1111). See the *-with-solvers* files in the assets list for this release.

Bug fixes

• Closed issues #422, #436, #619, #631, #633, #640, #680, #734, #735, #759, #760, #764, #849, #996, #1000, #1008, #1019, #1032, #1033, #1034, #1043, #1047, #1060, #1064, #1083, #1084, #1087, #1102, #1111, #1113, #1117, #1125, #1133, #1142, #1144, #1145, #1146, #1157, #1160, #1163, #1166, #1169, #1175, #1179, #1182, #1190, #1191, #1196, #1197, #1204, #1209, #1210, #1213, #1216, #1223, #1226, #1238, #1239, #1240, #1241, #1250, #1256, #1259, #1261, #1266, #1274, #1275, #1283, and #1291.

• Merged pull requests #1048, #1128, #1129, #1130, #1131, #1135, #1136, #1137, #1139, #1148, #1149, #1150, #1152, #1154, #1156, #1158, #1159, #1161, #1164, #1165, #1168, #1170, #1171, #1172, #1173, #1174, #1176, #1181, #1183, #1186, #1188, #1192, #1193, #1194, #1195, #1199, #1200, #1202, #1203, #1205, #1207, #1211, #1214, #1215, #1218, #1219, #1221, #1224, #1225, #1227, #1228, #1230, #1231, #1232, #1234, #1242, #1243, #1244, #1245, #1246, #1247, #1248, #1251, #1252, #1254, #1255, #1258, #1263, #1265, #1268, #1269, #1270, #1271, #1272, #1273, #1276, #1281, #1282, #1284, #1285, #1286, #1287, #1288, #1293, #1294, and #1295.

2.11.0

Language changes

• The newtype construct, which has existed in the interpreter in an incomplete and undocumented form for quite a while, is now fullly supported. The construct is documented in section 1.22 of Programming Cryptol. Note, however, that the cryptol-remote-api RPC server currently does not include full support for referring to newtype names, though it can work with implementations that use newtype internally.

New features

• By default, the interpreter will now track source locations of expressions being evaluated, and retain call stack information. This information is incorporated into error messages arising from runtime errors. This additional bookkeeping incurs significant runtime overhead, but may be disabled using the --no-call-stacks command-line option.

• The :exhaust command now works for floating-point types and the :check command now uses more representative sampling of floating-point input values to test.

• The cryptol-remote-api RPC server now has methods corresponding to the :prove and :sat commands in the REPL.

• The cryptol-eval-server executable is a new, stateless server providing a subset of the functionality of cryptol-remote-api dedicated entirely to invoking Cryptol functions on concrete inputs.

Internal changes

• A single running instance of the SMT solver used for type checking (Z3) is now used to check a larger number of type correctness queries. This means that fewer solver instances are invoked, and type checking should generally be faster.

• The Cryptol interpreter now builds against libBF version 0.6, which fixes a few bugs in the evaluation of floating-point operations.

Bug fixes

• Closed issues #118, #398, #426, #470, #491, #567, #594, #639, #656, #698, #743, #810, #858, #870, #905, #915, #917, #962, #973, #975, #980, #984, #986, #990, #996, #997, #1002, #1006, #1009, #1012, #1024, #1030, #1035, #1036, #1039, #1040, #1044, #1045, #1049, #1050, #1051, #1052, #1063, #1092, #1093, #1094, and #1100.

2.10.0

Language changes

• Cryptol now supports primality checking at the type level. The type-level predicate prime is true when its parameter passes the Miller-Rabin probabilistic primality test implemented in the GMP library.

• The Z p type is now a Field when p is prime, allowing additional operations on Z p values.

• The literals 0 and 1 can now be used at type Bit, as alternatives for False and True, respectively.

New features

• The interpreter now includes a number of primitive functions that allow faster execution of a number of common cryptographic functions, including the core operations of AES and SHA-2, operations on GF(2) polynomials (the existing pmod, pdiv, and pmult functions), and some operations on prime field elliptic curves. These functions are useful for implementing higher-level algorithms, such as many post-quantum schemes, with more acceptable performance than possible when running a top-to-bottom Cryptol implementation in the interpreter.

  For a full list of the new primitives, see the new Cryptol SuiteB and PrimeEC modules.

• The REPL now allows lines containing only comments, making it easier to copy and paste examples.

• The interpreter has generally improved performance overall.

• Several error messages are more comprehensible and less verbose.

• Cryptol releases and nightly builds now include an RPC server alongside the REPL. This provides an alternative interface to the same interpreter and proof engine available from the REPL, but is better-suited to programmatic use. Details on the protocol used by the server are available here. A Python client for this protocol is available here.

• Windows builds are now distributed as both .tar.gz and .msi files.

Bug Fixes

• Closed issues #98, #485, #713, #744, #746, #787, #796, #803, #818, #826, #838, #856, #873, #875, #876, #877, #879, #880, #881, #883, #886, #887, #888, #892, #894, #901, #910, #913, #924, #926, #931, #933, #937, #939, #946, #948, #953, #956, #958, and #969.

2.9.1

Language changes

• The type of generate which is used for a@i sequence definitions, is generalized so that the index type can be any Integral type large enough to index the entire array being defined.

Bug Fixes

• Closed issues #848, #850, #851, #859, and #861.

• Fixed Windows installer paths.

2.9.0

Language changes

• Removed the Arith class. Replaced it instead with more specialized numeric classes: Ring, Integral, Field, and Round. Ring is the closest analogue to the old Arith class; it contains the fromInteger, (+), (*), (-) and negate methods. Ring contains all the base arithmetic types in Cryptol, and lifts pointwise over tuples, sequences and functions, just as Arith did.

  The new Integral class now contains the integer division and modulus methods ((/) and (%)), and the sequence indexing, sequence update and shifting operations are generalized over Integral. The toInteger operation is also generalized over this class. Integral contains the bitvector types and Integer.

  The new Field class contains types representing mathematical fields (or types that are approximately fields). It is currently inhabited by the new Rational type, and the Float family of types. It will eventually also contain the Real type. It has the operation recip for reciprocal and (/.) for field division (not to be confused for (/), which is Euclidean integral division).

  There is also a new Round class for types that can sensibly be rounded to integers. This class has the methods floor, ceiling, trunc, roundToEven and roundAway for performing different kinds of integer rounding. Rational and Float inhabit Round.

  The type of (^^) is modified to be {a, e} (Ring a, Integral e) => a -> e -> a. This makes it clear that the semantics are iterated multiplication, which makes sense in any ring.

  Finally, the lg2, (/$) and (%$) methods of Arith have had their types specialized so they operate only on bitvectors.

• Added an Eq class, and moved the equality operations from Cmp into Eq. The Z type becomes a member of Eq but not Cmp.

• Added a base Rational type. It is implemented as a pair of integers, quotiented in the usual way. As such, it reduces to the theory of integers and requires no new solver support (beyond nonlinear integer arithmetic). Rational inhabits the new Field and Round classes. Rational values can be constructed using the ratio function, or via fromInteger.

• The generate function (and thus x @ i= e definitions) has had its type specialized so the index type is always Integer.

• The new typeclasses are arranged into a class hierarchy, and the typechecker will use that information to infer superclass instances from subclasses.

• Added a family of base types, Float e p, for working with floating point numbers. The parameters control the precision of the numbers, with e being the number of bits to use in the exponent and p-1 being the number of bits to use in the mantissa. The Float family of types may be used through the usual overloaded functionality in Cryptol, and there is a new built-in module called Float, which contains functionality specific to floating point numbers.

• Add a way to write fractional literals in base 2,8,10, and 16. Fractional literals are overloaded, and may be used for different types (currently Rational and the Float family). Fractional literal in base 2,8,and 16 must be precise, and will be rejected statically if they cannot be represented exactly. Fractional literals in base 10 are rounded to the nearest even representable number.

• Changes to the defaulting algorithm. The new algorithm only applies to constraints arising from literals (i.e., Literal and FLiteral constraints). The guiding principle is that we now default these to one of the infinite precision types Integer or Rational. Literal constraints are defaulted to Integer, unless the corresponding type also has Field constraint, in which case we use Rational. Fractional literal constraints are always defaulted to `Rational.

New features

• Document the behavior of lifted selectors.

• Added support for symbolic simulation via the What4 library in addition to the previous method based on SBV. The What4 symbolic simulator is used when selecting solvers with the w4 prefix, such as w4-z3, w4-cvc4, w4-yices, etc. The SBV and What4 libraries make different tradeoffs in how they represent formulae. You may find one works better than another for the same problem, even with the same solver.

• More detailed information about the status of various symbols in the output of the :browse command (issue #688).

• The :safe command will attempt to prove that a given Cryptol term is safe; in other words, that it will not encounter a run-time error for all inputs. Run-time errors arise from things like division-by-zero, index-out-of-bounds situations and explicit calls to error or assert.

• The :prove and :sat commands now incorporate safety predicates by default. In a :sat call, models will only be found that do not cause run-time errors. For :prove calls, the safety conditions are added as additional proof goals. The prior behavior (which ignored safety conditions) can be restored using :set ignore-safety = on.

• Improvements to the any prover. It will now shut down external prover processes correctly when one finds a solution. It will also wait for the first successful result to be returned from a prover, instead of failing as soon as one prover fails.

• An experimental parmap primitive that applies a function to a sequence of arguments and computes the results in parallel. This operation should be considered experimental and may significantly change or disappear in the future, and could possibly uncover unknown race conditions in the interpreter.

Bug fixes

• Closed issues #346, #444, #614, #617, #636, #660, #662, #663, #664, #667, #670, #702, #711, #712, #716, #723, #725, #731, #835, #836, #839, #840, and #845

2.8.0 (September 4, 2019)

New features

• Added support for indexing on the left-hand sides of declarations, record field constructors, and record updaters (issue #577). This builds on a new primitive function called generate, where the new syntax x @ i = e is sugar for x = generate (\i -> e).

• Added support for element type ascriptions on sequence enumerations. The syntax [a,b..c:t] indicates that the elements should be of type t.

• Added support for wildcards in sequence enumerations. For example, the syntax [1 .. _] : [3][8] yields [0x01, 0x02, 0x03]. It can also be used polymorphically. For example, the most general type of [1 .. _] is {n, a} (n >= 1, Literal n a, fin n) => [n]a

• Changed the syntax of type signatures to allow multiple constraint arrows in type schemas (issue #599). The following are now equivalent:

    f : {a} (fin a, a >= 1) => [a] -> [a]
  
    f : {a} (fin a) => (a >= 1) => [a] -> [a]
  

• Added a mechanism for user-defined type constraint operators, and use this to define the new type constraint synonyms (<) and (>) (issues #400, #618).

• Added support for primitive type declarations. The prelude now uses this mechanism to declare all of the basic types.

• Added support for Haskell-style "block arguments", reducing the need for parentheses in some cases. For example, generate (\i -> i +1) can now be written generate \i -> i + 1.

• Improved shadowing errors (part of the fix for issue #569).

Bug fixes

• Closed many issues, including #265, #367, #437, #508, #522, #549, #557, #559, #569, #578, #590, #595, #596, #601, #607, #608, #610, #615, #621, and #636.

2.7.0 (April 30, 2019)

New features

• Added syntax for record updates (see #399 for details of implemented and planned features).

• Updated the :browse command to list module parameters (issue #586).

• Added support for test vector creation (the :dumptests command). This feature computes a list of random inputs and outputs for the given expression of function type and saves it to a file. This is useful for generating tests from a trusted Cryptol specification to apply to an implementation written in another language.

Breaking changes

• Removed the [x..] construct from the language (issue #574). It was shorthand for [x..2^^n-1] for a bit vector of size n, which was often not what the user intended. Users should instead write either [x..y] or [x...], to construct a smaller range or a lazy sequence, respectively.

• Renamed the value-level width function to length, and generalized its type (issue #550). It does not behave identically to the type-level width operator, which led to confusion. The name length matches more closely with similar functions in other languages.

Bug fixes

• Improved type checking performance of decimal literals.

• Improved type checking of /^ and %^ (issues #581, #582).

• Improved performance of sequence updates with the update primitive (issue #579).

• Fixed elapsed time printed by :prove and :sat (issue #572).

• Fixed SMT-Lib formulas generated for right shifts (issue #566).

• Fixed crash when importing non-parameterized modules with the backtick prefix (issue #565).

• Improved performance of symbolic execution for Z n (issue #554).

• Fixed interpretation of the satNum option so finding multiple solutions doesn't run forever (issue #553).

• Improved type checking of the length function (issue #548).

• Improved error message when trying to prove properties in parameterized modules (issue #545).

• Stopped warning about defaulting at the REPL when warnDefaulting is set to false (issue #543).

• Fixed builds on non-x86 architectures (issue #542).

• Made browsing of interactively-bound identifiers work better (issue #538).

• Fixed a bug that allowed changing the semantics of the _ # _ pattern and the - and ~ operators by creating local definitions of functions that they expand to (issue #568).

• Closed issues #498, #547, #551, #562, and #563.