diff --git a/storage/operation/badgerimpl/iterator.go b/storage/operation/badgerimpl/iterator.go
index e9f8b5dc6be..5cc5fc50340 100644
--- a/storage/operation/badgerimpl/iterator.go
+++ b/storage/operation/badgerimpl/iterator.go
@@ -34,10 +34,12 @@ func newBadgerIterator(db *badger.DB, startPrefix, endPrefix []byte, ops storage
 	}
 }
 
+// First seeks to the smallest key greater than or equal to the given key.
 func (i *badgerIterator) First() {
 	i.iter.Seek(i.lowerBound)
 }
 
+// Valid returns whether the iterator is positioned at a valid key-value pair.
 func (i *badgerIterator) Valid() bool {
 	// if it's beyond the upper bound, it's invalid
 	if !i.iter.Valid() {
@@ -49,16 +51,20 @@ func (i *badgerIterator) Valid() bool {
 	return valid
 }
 
+// Next advances the iterator to the next key-value pair.
 func (i *badgerIterator) Next() {
 	i.iter.Next()
 }
 
+// IterItem returns the current key-value pair, or nil if done.
 func (i *badgerIterator) IterItem() storage.IterItem {
 	return i.iter.Item()
 }
 
 var _ storage.IterItem = (*badger.Item)(nil)
 
+// Close closes the iterator. Iterator must be closed, otherwise it causes memory leak.
+// No errors expected during normal operation
 func (i *badgerIterator) Close() error {
 	i.iter.Close()
 	return nil
diff --git a/storage/operation/badgerimpl/reader.go b/storage/operation/badgerimpl/reader.go
index 8d7d982d65e..a410067a6b7 100644
--- a/storage/operation/badgerimpl/reader.go
+++ b/storage/operation/badgerimpl/reader.go
@@ -20,6 +20,14 @@ var _ io.Closer = (*noopCloser)(nil)
 
 func (noopCloser) Close() error { return nil }
 
+// Get gets the value for the given key. It returns ErrNotFound if the DB
+// does not contain the key.
+// other errors are exceptions
+//
+// The caller should not modify the contents of the returned slice, but it is
+// safe to modify the contents of the argument after Get returns. The
+// returned slice will remain valid until the returned Closer is closed. On
+// success, the caller MUST call closer.Close() or a memory leak will occur.
 func (b dbReader) Get(key []byte) ([]byte, io.Closer, error) {
 	tx := b.db.NewTransaction(false)
 	defer tx.Discard()
@@ -40,6 +48,11 @@ func (b dbReader) Get(key []byte) ([]byte, io.Closer, error) {
 	return value, noopCloser{}, nil
 }
 
+// NewIter returns a new Iterator for the given key prefix range [startPrefix, endPrefix], both inclusive.
+// Specifically, all keys that meet ANY of the following conditions are included in the iteration:
+//   - have a prefix equal to startPrefix OR
+//   - have a prefix equal to the endPrefix OR
+//   - have a prefix that is lexicographically between startPrefix and endPrefix
 func (b dbReader) NewIter(startPrefix, endPrefix []byte, ops storage.IteratorOption) (storage.Iterator, error) {
 	return newBadgerIterator(b.db, startPrefix, endPrefix, ops), nil
 }
diff --git a/storage/operation/badgerimpl/writer.go b/storage/operation/badgerimpl/writer.go
index 3837be3917f..769187166ba 100644
--- a/storage/operation/badgerimpl/writer.go
+++ b/storage/operation/badgerimpl/writer.go
@@ -19,22 +19,36 @@ type ReaderBatchWriter struct {
 
 var _ storage.ReaderBatchWriter = (*ReaderBatchWriter)(nil)
 
+// GlobalReader returns a database-backed reader which reads the latest committed global database state ("read-committed isolation").
+// This reader will not read writes written to ReaderBatchWriter.Writer until the write batch is committed.
+// This reader may observe different values for the same key on subsequent reads.
 func (b *ReaderBatchWriter) GlobalReader() storage.Reader {
 	return b.globalReader
 }
 
+// Writer returns a writer associated with a batch of writes. The batch is pending until it is committed.
+// When we `Write` into the batch, that write operation is added to the pending batch, but not committed.
+// The commit operation is atomic w.r.t. the batch; either all writes are applied to the database, or no writes are.
+// Note:
+// - The writer cannot be used concurrently for writing.
 func (b *ReaderBatchWriter) Writer() storage.Writer {
 	return b
 }
 
+// BadgerWriteBatch returns the badger write batch
 func (b *ReaderBatchWriter) BadgerWriteBatch() *badger.WriteBatch {
 	return b.batch
 }
 
+// AddCallback adds a callback to execute after the batch has been flush
+// regardless the batch update is succeeded or failed.
+// The error parameter is the error returned by the batch update.
 func (b *ReaderBatchWriter) AddCallback(callback func(error)) {
 	b.callbacks.AddCallback(callback)
 }
 
+// Commit flushes the batch to the database.
+// No errors expected during normal operation
 func (b *ReaderBatchWriter) Commit() error {
 	err := b.batch.Flush()
 
@@ -69,14 +83,27 @@ func NewReaderBatchWriter(db *badger.DB) *ReaderBatchWriter {
 
 var _ storage.Writer = (*ReaderBatchWriter)(nil)
 
+// Set sets the value for the given key. It overwrites any previous value
+// for that key; a DB is not a multi-map.
+//
+// It is safe to modify the contents of the arguments after Set returns.
+// No errors expected during normal operation
 func (b *ReaderBatchWriter) Set(key, value []byte) error {
 	return b.batch.Set(key, value)
 }
 
+// Delete deletes the value for the given key. Deletes are blind all will
+// succeed even if the given key does not exist.
+//
+// It is safe to modify the contents of the arguments after Delete returns.
+// No errors expected during normal operation
 func (b *ReaderBatchWriter) Delete(key []byte) error {
 	return b.batch.Delete(key)
 }
 
+// DeleteByRange removes all keys with a prefix that falls within the
+// range [start, end], both inclusive.
+// No errors expected during normal operation
 func (b *ReaderBatchWriter) DeleteByRange(globalReader storage.Reader, startPrefix, endPrefix []byte) error {
 	err := operation.IterateKeysInPrefixRange(startPrefix, endPrefix, func(key []byte) error {
 		err := b.batch.Delete(key)
diff --git a/storage/operation/pebbleimpl/iterator.go b/storage/operation/pebbleimpl/iterator.go
index b1b6630cc51..bc0cd2bae69 100644
--- a/storage/operation/pebbleimpl/iterator.go
+++ b/storage/operation/pebbleimpl/iterator.go
@@ -32,18 +32,22 @@ func newPebbleIterator(reader pebble.Reader, startPrefix, endPrefix []byte, ops
 	}, nil
 }
 
+// First seeks to the smallest key greater than or equal to the given key.
 func (i *pebbleIterator) First() {
 	i.iter.First()
 }
 
+// Valid returns whether the iterator is positioned at a valid key-value pair.
 func (i *pebbleIterator) Valid() bool {
 	return i.iter.Valid()
 }
 
+// Next advances the iterator to the next key-value pair.
 func (i *pebbleIterator) Next() {
 	i.iter.Next()
 }
 
+// IterItem returns the current key-value pair, or nil if done.
 func (i *pebbleIterator) IterItem() storage.IterItem {
 	return pebbleIterItem{iter: i.iter}
 }
@@ -67,6 +71,8 @@ func (i pebbleIterItem) Value(fn func([]byte) error) error {
 	return fn(val)
 }
 
+// Close closes the iterator. Iterator must be closed, otherwise it causes memory leak.
+// No errors expected during normal operation
 func (i *pebbleIterator) Close() error {
 	return i.iter.Close()
 }
diff --git a/storage/operation/pebbleimpl/reader.go b/storage/operation/pebbleimpl/reader.go
index 6cfdfd93da5..cff5a916048 100644
--- a/storage/operation/pebbleimpl/reader.go
+++ b/storage/operation/pebbleimpl/reader.go
@@ -22,6 +22,14 @@ var _ io.Closer = (*noopCloser)(nil)
 
 func (noopCloser) Close() error { return nil }
 
+// Get gets the value for the given key. It returns ErrNotFound if the DB
+// does not contain the key.
+// other errors are exceptions
+//
+// The caller should not modify the contents of the returned slice, but it is
+// safe to modify the contents of the argument after Get returns. The
+// returned slice will remain valid until the returned Closer is closed. On
+// success, the caller MUST call closer.Close() or a memory leak will occur.
 func (b dbReader) Get(key []byte) ([]byte, io.Closer, error) {
 	value, closer, err := b.db.Get(key)
 
@@ -37,6 +45,11 @@ func (b dbReader) Get(key []byte) ([]byte, io.Closer, error) {
 	return value, closer, nil
 }
 
+// NewIter returns a new Iterator for the given key prefix range [startPrefix, endPrefix], both inclusive.
+// Specifically, all keys that meet ANY of the following conditions are included in the iteration:
+//   - have a prefix equal to startPrefix OR
+//   - have a prefix equal to the endPrefix OR
+//   - have a prefix that is lexicographically between startPrefix and endPrefix
 func (b dbReader) NewIter(startPrefix, endPrefix []byte, ops storage.IteratorOption) (storage.Iterator, error) {
 	return newPebbleIterator(b.db, startPrefix, endPrefix, ops)
 }
diff --git a/storage/operation/pebbleimpl/writer.go b/storage/operation/pebbleimpl/writer.go
index c6ccdff06b9..3525bb59f2c 100644
--- a/storage/operation/pebbleimpl/writer.go
+++ b/storage/operation/pebbleimpl/writer.go
@@ -16,10 +16,18 @@ type ReaderBatchWriter struct {
 
 var _ storage.ReaderBatchWriter = (*ReaderBatchWriter)(nil)
 
+// GlobalReader returns a database-backed reader which reads the latest committed global database state ("read-committed isolation").
+// This reader will not read writes written to ReaderBatchWriter.Writer until the write batch is committed.
+// This reader may observe different values for the same key on subsequent reads.
 func (b *ReaderBatchWriter) GlobalReader() storage.Reader {
 	return b.globalReader
 }
 
+// Writer returns a writer associated with a batch of writes. The batch is pending until it is committed.
+// When we `Write` into the batch, that write operation is added to the pending batch, but not committed.
+// The commit operation is atomic w.r.t. the batch; either all writes are applied to the database, or no writes are.
+// Note:
+// - The writer cannot be used concurrently for writing.
 func (b *ReaderBatchWriter) Writer() storage.Writer {
 	return b
 }
@@ -28,10 +36,15 @@ func (b *ReaderBatchWriter) PebbleWriterBatch() *pebble.Batch {
 	return b.batch
 }
 
+// AddCallback adds a callback to execute after the batch has been flush
+// regardless the batch update is succeeded or failed.
+// The error parameter is the error returned by the batch update.
 func (b *ReaderBatchWriter) AddCallback(callback func(error)) {
 	b.callbacks.AddCallback(callback)
 }
 
+// Commit flushes the batch to the database.
+// No errors expected during normal operation
 func (b *ReaderBatchWriter) Commit() error {
 	err := b.batch.Commit(pebble.Sync)
 
@@ -66,15 +79,27 @@ func NewReaderBatchWriter(db *pebble.DB) *ReaderBatchWriter {
 
 var _ storage.Writer = (*ReaderBatchWriter)(nil)
 
+// Set sets the value for the given key. It overwrites any previous value
+// for that key; a DB is not a multi-map.
+//
+// It is safe to modify the contents of the arguments after Set returns.
+// No errors expected during normal operation
 func (b *ReaderBatchWriter) Set(key, value []byte) error {
 	return b.batch.Set(key, value, pebble.Sync)
 }
 
+// Delete deletes the value for the given key. Deletes are blind all will
+// succeed even if the given key does not exist.
+//
+// It is safe to modify the contents of the arguments after Delete returns.
+// No errors expected during normal operation
 func (b *ReaderBatchWriter) Delete(key []byte) error {
 	return b.batch.Delete(key, pebble.Sync)
 }
 
-// DeleteByRange deletes all keys with a prefix in the range [startPrefix, endPrefix] (both inclusive).
+// DeleteByRange removes all keys with a prefix that falls within the
+// range [start, end], both inclusive.
+// No errors expected during normal operation
 func (b *ReaderBatchWriter) DeleteByRange(_ storage.Reader, startPrefix, endPrefix []byte) error {
 	// DeleteRange takes the prefix range with start (inclusive) and end (exclusive, note: not inclusive).
 	// therefore, we need to increment the endPrefix to make it inclusive.
diff --git a/storage/operations.go b/storage/operations.go
index e0fe101f636..d407da299e7 100644
--- a/storage/operations.go
+++ b/storage/operations.go
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ type Reader interface {
 }
 
 // Writer is an interface for batch writing to a storage backend.
+// It cannot be used concurrently for writing.
 type Writer interface {
 	// Set sets the value for the given key. It overwrites any previous value
 	// for that key; a DB is not a multi-map.