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From Masked-Language Modeling to Translation: Non-English Auxiliary Tasks Improve Zero-shot Spoken Language Understanding

This repository contains all code to reproduce the results in the paper. If you are just here for the data, see the data/ folder (AND DON'T FORGET TO CITE THE PAPERS LISTED BELOW)

data

NOTE: Thanks to Evgeniia Razumovskaia, we have found some errors in the original data. We have kept the original data in the repo for reproducability reasons and the fixed version can be found in data/xSID-0.2. The main differences are in Arabic, where we forgot to map the intent labels.

NOTE 02-11-2021: Thanks to Noëmi Aepli, we have fixed the sentences in the English dev/test files to match the other languages. And thanks to Milan Grita we have corrected mismatches in words in the comments and the annotation (mainly in the English files).

NOTE 29-03-2022: There was an error in the nluEval.py code for calculating the loose overlap (thanks to Mike Zhang for finding and fixing it). The results in the paper for loose f1 were unfortunately overly optimistic.

UPDATE 05-2023: version 0.4 is released, including Neapolitan and Swiss German

UPDATE 04-2024: version 0.5 is released, including Bavarian and Lithuanian, please also see https://github.com/mainlp/NaLiBaSID/tree/main for alternatives for these languages (including native queries!).

To reproduce all results in the paper, you have to run ./scripts/runAll.sh. However, in practice this would take a very long time (especially when rerunning nmt-transfer, ./scripts/1.\*), which is why we would suggest to inspect ./scripts/runAll.sh, decide which parts are relevant for you, and manually run the required commands parallel. It should be noted that some of the scripts may fail, because we used the MultiAtis dataset, which is not publicly available. To run the experiments on those, obtain the data, convert it with scripts/tsv2conll.py in data/multiAtis. Alternatively, one could remove the MultiAtis key from the datasets dictionary in scripts/myutils.py. All tables and graphs of the paper can be reproduced by running scripts/genAll.sh.

The experiments are divided in the scripts folder:

  • 0.* Data preparation and setup
  • 1.* Translated the training data for the nmt-transfer model
  • 2.* Trains MaChAmp for all languages and predicts on all files
  • 3.* Generated the main table in the paper
  • 4.* Run on the test data
  • 5.* All additional experiments for the analysis section in the paper
  • 6.* Generate all tables for the appendix

For many parts we also included the outputs so that it is not always necessary to re-run. The automatically translated training data as well as the automatically converted English training data can be found in /data/xSID/. The output predictions and scores of all models are also included in predictions/.

This code is largely based on MaChAmp, we include a copy of the exact version of MaChAmp that was used.

Citation

@inproceedings{van-der-goot-etal-2020-cross,
      title={From Masked-Language Modeling to Translation: Non-{E}nglish Auxiliary Tasks Improve Zero-shot Spoken Language Understanding},
      author={van der Goot, Rob and Sharaf, Ibrahim and Imankulova, Aizhan and {\"U}st{\"u}n, Ahmet and Stepanovic, Marija and Ramponi, Alan and Khairunnisa, Siti Oryza and Komachi, Mamoru and Plank, Barbara},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    year = "2021",
    address = "Mexico City, Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics"
}

If you use version >= 0.4 (which includes Neapolitan and Swiss German), please also cite:

@inproceedings{2023-findings-vardial,
  title = "Findings of the {V}ar{D}ial Evaluation Campaign 2023",
  author = {Aepli, No{\"e}mi and {\c{C}}{\"o}ltekin, {\c{C}}a{\u{g}}r{\i} and van der Goot, Rob and Jauhiainen, Tommi and Kazzaz, Mourhaf and Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola and North, Kai and Plank, Barbara and Scherrer, Yves and Zampieri, Marcos},
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
  month = may,
  year = "2023",
  address = "Dubrovnik, Croatia",
  publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}

If you use version >= 0.5 (which includes Bavarian and Lithuanian), please also cite:

@inproceedings{Winkler2024,
  title = "Slot and Intent Detection Resources for {B}avarian and {L}ithuanian: Assessing Translations vs Natural Queries to Digital Assistants",
  author = "Winkler, Miriam and Juozapaityte, Virginija and van der Goot, Rob and Plank, Barbara",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of The 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation",
  year = "2024",
  publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}