trie

@ethereumjs/trie

Implementation of the Modified Merkle Patricia Trie as specified in the Ethereum Yellow Paper

The modified Merkle Patricia tree (trie) provides a persistent data structure to map between arbitrary-length binary data (byte arrays). It is defined in terms of a mutable data structure to map between 256-bit binary fragments and arbitrary-length binary data. The core of the trie, and its sole requirement in terms of the protocol specification, is to provide a single 32-byte value that identifies a given set of key-value pairs.

Installation

To obtain the latest version, simply require the project using npm:

npm install @ethereumjs/trie

Usage

This class implements the basic Modified Merkle Patricia Trie in the Trie base class, which you can use with the useKeyHashing option set to true to create a trie which stores values under the keccak256 hash of its keys (this is the Trie flavor which is used in Ethereum production systems).

Checkpointing functionality to Trie through the methods checkpoint, commit and revert.

It is best to select the variant that is most appropriate for your unique use case.

Initialization and Basic Usage

// ./examples/basicUsage.ts

import { Trie } from '@ethereumjs/trie'
import { bytesToUtf8, MapDB, utf8ToBytes } from '@ethereumjs/util'

async function test() {
  const trie = await Trie.create({ db: new MapDB() })
  await trie.put(utf8ToBytes('test'), utf8ToBytes('one'))
  const value = await trie.get(utf8ToBytes('test'))
  console.log(value ? bytesToUtf8(value) : 'not found') // 'one'
}

test()

WASM Crypto Support

This library by default uses JavaScript implementations for the basic standard crypto primitives like hashing for keys. See @ethereumjs/common README for instructions on how to replace with e.g. a more performant WASM implementation by using a shared common instance.

Use with Static Constructors

Create new Trie

// ./examples/basicUsage.ts

import { Trie } from '@ethereumjs/trie'
import { bytesToUtf8, MapDB, utf8ToBytes } from '@ethereumjs/util'

async function test() {
  const trie = await Trie.create({ db: new MapDB() })
  await trie.put(utf8ToBytes('test'), utf8ToBytes('one'))
  const value = await trie.get(utf8ToBytes('test'))
  console.log(value ? bytesToUtf8(value) : 'not found') // 'one'
}

test()

When the static Trie.create constructor is used without any options, the trie object is instantiated with defaults configured to match the Ethereum production spec (i.e. keys are hashed using SHA256). It also persists the state root of the tree on each write operation, ensuring that your trie remains in the state you left it when you start your application the next time.

Create from a Proof

The trie library supports basic creation of EIP-1186 proofs as well as the instantiation of new tries from an existing proof.

The following is an example for using the Trie.createFromProof() static constructor. This instantiates a new partial trie based only on the branch of the trie contained in the provided proof.

// ./examples/createFromProof.ts

import { Trie } from '@ethereumjs/trie'
import { bytesToUtf8 } from '@ethereumjs/util'
import { utf8ToBytes } from 'ethereum-cryptography/utils'

async function main() {
  const k1 = utf8ToBytes('keyOne')
  const k2 = utf8ToBytes('keyTwo')

  const someOtherTrie = new Trie({ useKeyHashing: true })
  await someOtherTrie.put(k1, utf8ToBytes('valueOne'))
  await someOtherTrie.put(k2, utf8ToBytes('valueTwo'))

  const proof = await someOtherTrie.createProof(k1)
  const trie = await Trie.createFromProof(proof, { useKeyHashing: true })
  const otherProof = await someOtherTrie.createProof(k2)

  // To add more proofs to the trie, use `updateFromProof`
  await trie.updateFromProof(otherProof)

  const value = await trie.get(k1)
  console.log(bytesToUtf8(value!)) // valueOne
  const otherValue = await trie.get(k2)
  console.log(bytesToUtf8(otherValue!)) // valueTwo
}

main()

For further proof usage documentation see additional documentation section below.

Walking a Trie

Starting with the v6 release there is a new API for walking and iterating a trie by using an async walk generator, which now enables to walk tries without altering the walk controller and also now enables to walk a sparse (not completely filled) trie.

The new walk functionality can be used like the following:

// ./examples/trieWalking.ts

import { Trie } from '@ethereumjs/trie'
import { utf8ToBytes } from 'ethereum-cryptography/utils'

async function main() {
  const trie = await Trie.create()
  await trie.put(utf8ToBytes('key'), utf8ToBytes('val'))
  const walk = trie.walkTrieIterable(trie.root())

  for await (const { node, currentKey } of walk) {
    // ... do something
    console.log({ node, currentKey })
  }
}
main()

Trie Configuration Options

Database Options

The DB opt in the TrieOpts allows you to use any database that conforms to the DB interface to store the trie data in. We provide several examples for database implementations. The level.js example is used in the ethereumjs client while lmdb.js is an alternative implementation that uses the popular LMDB as its underlying database.

If no db option is provided, an in-memory database powered by a Javascript Map will fulfill this role (imported from @ethereumjs/util, see mapDB module).

If you want to use an alternative database, you can integrate your own by writing a DB wrapper that conforms to the DB interface (in @ethereumjs/util). The DB interface defines the methods get, put, del, batch and copy that a concrete implementation of the DB interface will need to implement.

LevelDB

As an example, to leverage LevelDB for all operations then you should create a file with the following implementation from our recipes in your project. Then instantiate your DB and trie as below:

// ./examples/customLevelDB.ts#L127-L131

async function main() {
  const trie = new Trie({ db: new LevelDB(new Level('MY_TRIE_DB_LOCATION') as any) })
  console.log(await trie.database().db) // LevelDB { ...
}
main()

Node Deletion (Pruning)

By default, the deletion of trie nodes from the underlying database does not occur in order to avoid corrupting older trie states (as of v4.2.0). Should you only wish to work with the latest state of a trie, you can switch to a delete behavior (for example, if you wish to save disk space) by using the useNodePruning constructor option (see related release notes in the changelog for further details).

Root Persistence

You can enable persistence by setting the useRootPersistence option to true when constructing a trie through the Trie.create function. As such, this value is preserved when creating copies of the trie and is incapable of being modified once a trie is instantiated.

// ./examples/rootPersistence.ts

import { Trie } from '@ethereumjs/trie'
import { bytesToHex } from '@ethereumjs/util'

async function main() {
  const trie = await Trie.create({
    useRootPersistence: true,
  })

  // this logs the empty root value that has been persisted to the trie db
  console.log(bytesToHex(trie.root())) // 0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421
}
main()

Proofs

Merkle Proofs

The createProof and verifyProof functions allow you to verify that a certain value does or does not exist within a Merkle Patricia Tree with a given root.

Proof-of-Inclusion

The following code demonstrates how to construct and subsequently verify a proof that confirms the existence of the key test (which corresponds with the value one) within the given trie. This is also known as inclusion, hence the name 'Proof-of-Inclusion.'

// ./examples/proofs.ts#L12-L16

// proof-of-inclusion
await trie.put(k1, v1)
let proof = await trie.createProof(k1)
let value = await trie.verifyProof(trie.root(), k1, proof)
console.log(value ? bytesToUtf8(value) : 'not found') // 'one'

Proof-of-Exclusion

The following code demonstrates how to construct and subsequently verify a proof that confirms that the key test3 does not exist within the given trie. This is also known as exclusion, hence the name 'Proof-of-Exclusion.'

// ./examples/proofs.ts#L18-L23

// proof-of-exclusion
await trie.put(k1, v1)
await trie.put(k2, v2)
proof = await trie.createProof(utf8ToBytes('key3'))
value = await trie.verifyProof(trie.root(), utf8ToBytes('key3'), proof)
console.log(value ? bytesToUtf8(value) : 'null') // null

Invalid Proofs

If verifyProof detects an invalid proof, it will throw an error. While contrived, the below example illustrates the resulting error condition in the event a prover tampers with the data in a merkle proof.

// ./examples/proofs.ts#L25-L34

// invalid proof
await trie.put(k1, v1)
await trie.put(k2, v2)
proof = await trie.createProof(k2)
proof[0].reverse()
try {
  const value = await trie.verifyProof(trie.root(), k2, proof) // results in error
} catch (err) {
  console.log(err)
}

Range Proofs

You may use the Trie.verifyRangeProof() function to confirm if the given leaf nodes and edge proof possess the capacity to prove that the given trie leaves' range matches the specific root (which is useful for snap sync, for instance).

Examples

You can find additional examples complete with detailed explanations here.

Browser

With the breaking release round in Summer 2023 we have added hybrid ESM/CJS builds for all our libraries (see section below) and have eliminated many of the caveats which had previously prevented a frictionless browser usage.

It is now easily possible to run a browser build of one of the EthereumJS libraries within a modern browser using the provided ESM build. For a setup example see ./examples/browser.html.

API

Docs

Generated TypeDoc API Documentation

Hybrid CJS/ESM Builds

With the breaking releases from Summer 2023 we have started to ship our libraries with both CommonJS (cjs folder) and ESM builds (esm folder), see package.json for the detailed setup.

If you use an ES6-style import in your code files from the ESM build will be used:

import { EthereumJSClass } from '@ethereumjs/[PACKAGE_NAME]'

If you use Node.js specific require, the CJS build will be used:

const { EthereumJSClass } = require('@ethereumjs/[PACKAGE_NAME]')

Using ESM will give you additional advantages over CJS beyond browser usage like static code analysis / Tree Shaking which CJS can not provide.

Buffer -> Uint8Array

With the breaking releases from Summer 2023 we have removed all Node.js specific Buffer usages from our libraries and replace these with Uint8Array representations, which are available both in Node.js and the browser (Buffer is a subclass of Uint8Array).

We have converted existing Buffer conversion methods to Uint8Array conversion methods in the @ethereumjs/util bytes module, see the respective README section for guidance.

BigInt Support

With the 5.0.0 release, BigInt takes the place of BN.js.

BigInt is a primitive that is used to represent and manipulate primitive bigint values that the number primitive is incapable of representing as a result of their magnitude. ES2020 saw the introduction of this particular feature. Note that this version update resulted in the altering of number-related API signatures and that the minimal build target is now set to ES2020.

Benchmarking

You will find two simple benchmarks in the benchmarks folder:

• random.ts runs random PUT operations on the tree, and
• checkpointing.ts runs checkpoints and commits between PUT operations

A third benchmark using mainnet data to simulate real load is also being considered.

You may run benchmarks using:

npm run benchmarks

To run a profiler on the random.ts benchmark and generate a flamegraph with 0x, you may use:

npm run profiling

0x processes the stacks and generates a profile folder (<pid>.0x) containing flamegraph.html.

Debugging

The Trie class features optional debug logging.. Individual debug selections can be activated on the CL with DEBUG=ethjs,[Logger Selection].

ethjs must be included in the DEBUG environment variables to enable any logs. Additional log selections can be added with a comma separated list (no spaces). Logs with extensions can be enabled with a colon :, and * can be used to include all extensions.

DEBUG=ethjs,thislog,thatlog,otherlog,otherlog:sublog,anotherLog:* node myscript.js

The following options are available:

Logger	Description
trie	minimal info logging for all trie methods
trie:<METHOD>	debug logging for specific trie method
trie:<METHOD>:*	verbose debug logging for specific trie method
trie:*	verbose debug logging for all trie methods

To observe the logging in action at different levels:

Run with minimal logging:

DEBUG=ethjs,trie npx vitest test/util/log.spec.ts

Run with put method logging:

DEBUG=ethjs,trie:PUT npx vitest test/util/log.spec.ts

Run with trie + put/get/del logging:

DEBUG=ethjs,trie,trie:PUT,trie:GET,trie:DEL npx vitest test/util/log.spec.ts

Run with findPath debug logging:

DEBUG=ethjs,trie:FIND_PATH npx vitest test/util/log.spec.ts

Run with findPath verbose logging:

DEBUG=ethjs,trie:FIND_PATH:* npx vitest test/util/log.spec.ts

Run with max logging:

DEBUG=ethjs,trie:* npx vitest test/util/log.spec.ts

References

• Wiki
  • Ethereum Trie Specification
• Blog posts
  • Ethereum's Merkle Patricia Trees - An Interactive JavaScript Tutorial
  • Merkling in Ethereum
  • Understanding the Ethereum Trie (This is worth reading, but mind the outdated Python libraries)
• Videos
  • Trie and Patricia Trie Overview

EthereumJS

See our organizational documentation for an introduction to EthereumJS as well as information on current standards and best practices. If you want to join for work or carry out improvements on the libraries, please review our contribution guidelines first.

License

MPL-2.0