sdlib.h

/* 
 * SDLib - A C dynamic allocation library based on SDS2.
 * //SDSLib 2.0 with UTF-8 -- A C dynamic strings library for UTF-8 encoded strings
 * Created by Hypatia of Sva.
 * See https://github.com/hypatia-of-sva/sds2-utf8
 * 
 * This fork of SDS2 provides utility functions for UTF-8 encoded strings
 * and stores the character length on creation and other operations.
 * It is also header only, in difference to SDS2.
 * Define the Symbol
 *          SDLIB_IMPLEMENTATION
 * in one translation unit before inclusion and include this file without it otherwise.
 * 
 * 
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2023, Hypatia of Sva <hypatia dot sva at posteo dot eu>
 * Copyright (c) 2006-2015, Salvatore Sanfilippo <antirez at gmail dot com>
 * Copyright (c) 2015, Oran Agra
 * Copyright (c) 2015, Redis Labs, Inc
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
 *   * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
 *     this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *   * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *     documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *   * Neither the name of Redis nor the names of its contributors may be used
 *     to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
 *     specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
 * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
 * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
 * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
 * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
 * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
 * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
 * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
 * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */




//make sure the non utf-8 sds isn't included
#if !defined(__SDLIB_H) && !defined(__SDS_H)
#define __SDLIB_H


/* SDS2_BYTESTR_SECTION */

//copy original here
//rename below to usds. Also have wsds (16-byte without character length), u16sds, u32sds, asds (ANSI) (only conversion functions)?

/* SDS2_UTF8_SECTION */


#define SDS_MAX_PREALLOC (1024*1024)
extern const char *SDS_NOINIT;

//#include <sys/types.h> //originally only needed for ssize_t, replaced with portable version below for compiling on Windows
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdint.h>

//portable ssize_t due to chqrlie and angstyloop 2020/21, cf.
// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34580472/alternative-to-ssize-t-on-posix-unconformant-systems
#if SIZE_MAX == UINT_MAX
typedef int ssize_t;        /* common 32 bit case */
#define SSIZE_MIN  INT_MIN
#define SSIZE_MAX  INT_MAX
#elif SIZE_MAX == ULONG_MAX
typedef long ssize_t;       /* linux 64 bits */
#define SSIZE_MIN  LONG_MIN
#define SSIZE_MAX  LONG_MAX
#elif SIZE_MAX == ULLONG_MAX
typedef long long ssize_t;  /* windows 64 bits */
#define SSIZE_MIN  LLONG_MIN
#define SSIZE_MAX  LLONG_MAX
#elif SIZE_MAX == USHRT_MAX
typedef short ssize_t;      /* is this even possible? */
#define SSIZE_MIN  SHRT_MIN
#define SSIZE_MAX  SHRT_MAX
#elif SIZE_MAX == UINTMAX_MAX
typedef intmax_t ssize_t;  /* last resort, chux suggestion */
#define SSIZE_MIN  INTMAX_MIN
#define SSIZE_MAX  INTMAX_MAX
#else
#error platform has exotic SIZE_MAX
#endif


typedef char *sds;


//names changed to make it obvious that they use more padding to the back to store the character length
/* Note: sdshdr5 is never used, we just access the flags byte directly.
 * However is here to document the layout of type 5 SDS strings. */
struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdsutf8hdr5 {
    uint8_t utf8_len;   //only 5 bits used, has to be less or equal to the langth bits
                        //have to be aligned so that s[-2] is the correct number,
                        // so on the last 5 bits, not on the msb like in the flags char.
    unsigned char flags; /* 3 lsb of type, and 5 msb of string length */
    char buf[];
};
struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdsutf8hdr8 {
    uint8_t utf8_len;
    uint8_t len; /* used */
    uint8_t alloc; /* excluding the header and null terminator */
    unsigned char flags; /* 3 lsb of type, 5 unused bits */
    char buf[];
};
struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdsutf8hdr16 {
    uint16_t utf8_len;
    uint16_t len; /* used */
    uint16_t alloc; /* excluding the header and null terminator */
    unsigned char flags; /* 3 lsb of type, 5 unused bits */
    char buf[];
};
struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdsutf8hdr32 {
    uint32_t utf8_len;
    uint32_t len; /* used */
    uint32_t alloc; /* excluding the header and null terminator */
    unsigned char flags; /* 3 lsb of type, 5 unused bits */
    char buf[];
};
struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdsutf8hdr64 {
    uint64_t utf8_len;
    uint64_t len; /* used */
    uint64_t alloc; /* excluding the header and null terminator */
    unsigned char flags; /* 3 lsb of type, 5 unused bits */
    char buf[];
};

#define SDS_TYPE_5  0
#define SDS_TYPE_8  1
#define SDS_TYPE_16 2
#define SDS_TYPE_32 3
#define SDS_TYPE_64 4
#define SDS_TYPE_MASK 7
#define SDS_TYPE_BITS 3
#define SDS_HDR_VAR(T,s) struct sdsutf8hdr##T *sh = (void*)((s)-(sizeof(struct sdsutf8hdr##T)));
#define SDS_HDR(T,s) ((struct sdsutf8hdr##T *)((s)-(sizeof(struct sdsutf8hdr##T))))
#define SDS_TYPE_5_LEN(f) ((f)>>SDS_TYPE_BITS)

static inline size_t sdslen(const sds s) {
    unsigned char flags = s[-1];
    switch(flags&SDS_TYPE_MASK) {
        case SDS_TYPE_5:
            return SDS_TYPE_5_LEN(flags);
        case SDS_TYPE_8:
            return SDS_HDR(8,s)->len;
        case SDS_TYPE_16:
            return SDS_HDR(16,s)->len;
        case SDS_TYPE_32:
            return SDS_HDR(32,s)->len;
        case SDS_TYPE_64:
            return SDS_HDR(64,s)->len;
    }
    return 0;
}

static inline size_t sdsutf8len(const sds s) {
    unsigned char flags = s[-1];
    switch(flags&SDS_TYPE_MASK) {
        case SDS_TYPE_5:
            return s[-2];
        case SDS_TYPE_8:
            return SDS_HDR(8,s)->utf8_len;
        case SDS_TYPE_16:
            return SDS_HDR(16,s)->utf8_len;
        case SDS_TYPE_32:
            return SDS_HDR(32,s)->utf8_len;
        case SDS_TYPE_64:
            return SDS_HDR(64,s)->utf8_len;
    }
    return 0;
}

static inline size_t sdsavail(const sds s) {
    unsigned char flags = s[-1];
    switch(flags&SDS_TYPE_MASK) {
        case SDS_TYPE_5: {
            return 0;
        }
        case SDS_TYPE_8: {
            SDS_HDR_VAR(8,s);
            return sh->alloc - sh->len;
        }
        case SDS_TYPE_16: {
            SDS_HDR_VAR(16,s);
            return sh->alloc - sh->len;
        }
        case SDS_TYPE_32: {
            SDS_HDR_VAR(32,s);
            return sh->alloc - sh->len;
        }
        case SDS_TYPE_64: {
            SDS_HDR_VAR(64,s);
            return sh->alloc - sh->len;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

//there is no sdsutf8avail, since this is about allocation size, not character length. The same goes for sdsalloc and sdssetalloc

static inline void sdssetlen(sds s, size_t newlen) {
    unsigned char flags = s[-1];
    switch(flags&SDS_TYPE_MASK) {
        case SDS_TYPE_5:
            {
                unsigned char *fp = ((unsigned char*)s)-1;
                *fp = SDS_TYPE_5 | (newlen << SDS_TYPE_BITS);
            }
            break;
        case SDS_TYPE_8:
            SDS_HDR(8,s)->len = newlen;
            break;
        case SDS_TYPE_16:
            SDS_HDR(16,s)->len = newlen;
            break;
        case SDS_TYPE_32:
            SDS_HDR(32,s)->len = newlen;
            break;
        case SDS_TYPE_64:
            SDS_HDR(64,s)->len = newlen;
            break;
    }
}

static inline void sdssetutf8len(sds s, size_t newlen) {
    unsigned char flags = s[-1];
    switch(flags&SDS_TYPE_MASK) {
        case SDS_TYPE_5:
            s[-2] = newlen;
            break;
        case SDS_TYPE_8:
            SDS_HDR(8,s)->utf8_len = newlen;
            break;
        case SDS_TYPE_16:
            SDS_HDR(16,s)->utf8_len = newlen;
            break;
        case SDS_TYPE_32:
            SDS_HDR(32,s)->utf8_len = newlen;
            break;
        case SDS_TYPE_64:
            SDS_HDR(64,s)->utf8_len = newlen;
            break;
    }
}

static inline void sdsinclen(sds s, size_t inc) {
    unsigned char flags = s[-1];
    switch(flags&SDS_TYPE_MASK) {
        case SDS_TYPE_5:
            {
                unsigned char *fp = ((unsigned char*)s)-1;
                unsigned char newlen = SDS_TYPE_5_LEN(flags)+inc;
                *fp = SDS_TYPE_5 | (newlen << SDS_TYPE_BITS);
            }
            break;
        case SDS_TYPE_8:
            SDS_HDR(8,s)->len += inc;
            break;
        case SDS_TYPE_16:
            SDS_HDR(16,s)->len += inc;
            break;
        case SDS_TYPE_32:
            SDS_HDR(32,s)->len += inc;
            break;
        case SDS_TYPE_64:
            SDS_HDR(64,s)->len += inc;
            break;
    }
}

static inline void sdsincutf8len(sds s, size_t inc) {
    unsigned char flags = s[-1];
    switch(flags&SDS_TYPE_MASK) {
        case SDS_TYPE_5:
            s[-2] += inc;
            break;
        case SDS_TYPE_8:
            SDS_HDR(8,s)->utf8_len += inc;
            break;
        case SDS_TYPE_16:
            SDS_HDR(16,s)->utf8_len += inc;
            break;
        case SDS_TYPE_32:
            SDS_HDR(32,s)->utf8_len += inc;
            break;
        case SDS_TYPE_64:
            SDS_HDR(64,s)->utf8_len += inc;
            break;
    }
}

/* sdsalloc() = sdsavail() + sdslen() */
static inline size_t sdsalloc(const sds s) {
    unsigned char flags = s[-1];
    switch(flags&SDS_TYPE_MASK) {
        case SDS_TYPE_5:
            return SDS_TYPE_5_LEN(flags);
        case SDS_TYPE_8:
            return SDS_HDR(8,s)->alloc;
        case SDS_TYPE_16:
            return SDS_HDR(16,s)->alloc;
        case SDS_TYPE_32:
            return SDS_HDR(32,s)->alloc;
        case SDS_TYPE_64:
            return SDS_HDR(64,s)->alloc;
    }
    return 0;
}

static inline void sdssetalloc(sds s, size_t newlen) {
    unsigned char flags = s[-1];
    switch(flags&SDS_TYPE_MASK) {
        case SDS_TYPE_5:
            /* Nothing to do, this type has no total allocation info. */
            break;
        case SDS_TYPE_8:
            SDS_HDR(8,s)->alloc = newlen;
            break;
        case SDS_TYPE_16:
            SDS_HDR(16,s)->alloc = newlen;
            break;
        case SDS_TYPE_32:
            SDS_HDR(32,s)->alloc = newlen;
            break;
        case SDS_TYPE_64:
            SDS_HDR(64,s)->alloc = newlen;
            break;
    }
}


sds sdsnewlen(const void *init, size_t initlen);
sds sdsnew(const char *init);
sds sdsempty(void);
sds sdsdup(const sds s);
void sdsfree(sds s);
sds sdsgrowzero(sds s, size_t len);
sds sdscatlen(sds s, const void *t, size_t len);
sds sdscat(sds s, const char *t);
sds sdscatsds(sds s, const sds t);
sds sdscpylen(sds s, const char *t, size_t len);
sds sdscpy(sds s, const char *t);

sds sdscatvprintf(sds s, const char *fmt, va_list ap);
#ifdef __GNUC__
sds sdscatprintf(sds s, const char *fmt, ...)
    __attribute__((format(printf, 2, 3)));
#else
sds sdscatprintf(sds s, const char *fmt, ...);
#endif

sds sdscatfmt(sds s, char const *fmt, ...);
sds sdstrim(sds s, const char *cset);
void sdsrange(sds s, ssize_t start, ssize_t end);
void sdsupdatelen(sds s);
void sdsclear(sds s);
int sdscmp(const sds s1, const sds s2);
sds *sdssplitlen(const char *s, ssize_t len, const char *sep, int seplen, int *count);
void sdsfreesplitres(sds *tokens, int count);
void sdstolower(sds s);
void sdstoupper(sds s);
sds sdsfromlonglong(long long value);

//new functions like the old long long functions (TODO: port to all encodings!)
sds sdsfromuint8(uint8_t value);
sds sdsfromuint16(uint16_t value);
sds sdsfromuint32(uint32_t value);
sds sdsfromuint64(uint64_t value);
sds sdsfromuintmax(uintmax_t value);
sds sdsfromuintptr(uintptr_t value);
sds sdsfromusize(size_t value);
sds sdsfromsint8(int8_t value);
sds sdsfromsint16(int16_t value);
sds sdsfromsint32(int32_t value);
sds sdsfromsint64(int64_t value);
sds sdsfromsintmax(intmax_t value);
sds sdsfromsintptr(intptr_t value);
sds sdsfromssize(ssize_t value);
sds sdsfromptrdiff(ptrdiff_t value);
sds sdsfromfloat(float value);
sds sdsfromdouble(double value);
#ifndef __STDC_NO_COMPLEX__
#include <complex.h>
sds sdsfromcfloat(complex float value);
sds sdsfromcdouble(complex double value);
#endif

sds sdscatrepr(sds s, const char *p, size_t len);
sds *sdssplitargs(const char *line, int *argc);
sds sdsmapchars(sds s, const char *from, const char *to, size_t setlen);
sds sdsjoin(char **argv, int argc, char *sep);
sds sdsjoinsds(sds *argv, int argc, const char *sep, size_t seplen);

/* Low level functions exposed to the user API */
sds sdsMakeRoomFor(sds s, size_t addlen);
void sdsIncrLen(sds s, ssize_t incr);
sds sdsRemoveFreeSpace(sds s);
size_t sdsAllocSize(sds s);
void *sdsAllocPtr(sds s);

/* Export the allocator used by SDS to the program using SDS.
 * Sometimes the program SDS is linked to, may use a different set of
 * allocators, but may want to allocate or free things that SDS will
 * respectively free or allocate. */
void *sds_malloc(size_t size);
void *sds_realloc(void *ptr, size_t size);
void sds_free(void *ptr);

#ifdef REDIS_TEST
int sdsTest(int argc, char *argv[]);
#endif


/* SDB_SECTION */


/*
 * SDB - Simple Dynamic Buffers.
 * Manages memory blocks regardless of content.
 * Basically a wrapper around the mem-family of functions in string.h
 * (memcpy, memmove etc.) with a prestored size.
 * Also allocates new blocks and initializes them.
 * 
 */


typedef void *sdb;

//here size_t is used to store blocks of all sizes allocatable on the platform
struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdbhdr {
    size_t len; /* used */
    size_t alloc; /* excluding the header */
    char buf[]; //addressed above as a void*
};

#define SDB_HDR_VAR(s) struct sdbhdr *sh = (void*)((s)-(sizeof(struct sdbhdr)));
#define SDB_HDR(s) ((struct sdbhdr *)((s)-(sizeof(struct sdbhdr))))
static inline size_t sdblen(const sdb s) {
    return SDB_HDR(s)->len;
}
static inline size_t sdbavail(const sdb s) {
    SDB_HDR_VAR(s);
    return sh->alloc - sh->len;
}
static inline void sdbsetlen(sdb s, size_t newlen) {
    SDB_HDR(s)->len = newlen;
}
static inline void sdbinclen(sdb s, size_t inc) {
    SDB_HDR(s)->len += inc;
}
/* sdballoc() = sdbavail() + sdblen() */
static inline size_t sdsalloc(const sdb s) {
    return SDB_HDR(s)->alloc;
}
static inline void sdbsetalloc(sdb s, size_t newlen) {
    SDB_HDR(s)->alloc = newlen;
}


sdb sdbnew(size_t size);                                //per default, use calloc
sdb sdbnew_uninit(size_t size);                         //uses malloc instead. migbt be faster, but has uninitialized memory
sdb sdbnew_frombuf(void* init, size_t len);                //length has to be provided since there is no delimiter like \0
sdb sdbnew_uninit_frombuf(void* init, size_t len);
sds sdsnew_fromstr(const char *init);                //from c string
sds sdsnew_uninit_fromstr(const char *init);
sdb sdbempty(void);                 //= sdballoc(0)
sdb sdbempty_uninit(void);          //= sdballoc_uninit(0)
sdb sdbdup(const sdb s);            //uses sdballoc
sdb sdbdup_uninit(const sdb s);     //uses sdballoc_uninit
sdb sdbdup_prev(const sdb s);       //copies init state also of part currently unused
sdb sdbdupsds(const sds s);            //uses sdballoc to dup a string into a buffer. changes len to len+1.
sdb sdbdupsds_uninit(const sds s);     //uses sdballoc_uninit
sdb sdbdupsds_prev(const sds s);       //copies init state also of part currently unused
sds sdbtosds(const sdb s);            // reverse operation. fails (returns nullptr) if there is no \0 byte in the allocated region
sds sdbtosdszero(const sdb s);        // like sdbtosds, but zeroes initialized but unused memory
void sdbfree(sdb s);
sdb sdbgrowzero(sdb s, size_t len);     //grows with zeroed memory. only allocates if exceeds what's already allocated
sdb sdbgrow_uninit(sdb s, size_t len);  //grows with uninitialized memory
sdb sdbcat(sdb s, const void *t, size_t len);
sdb sdbcatsdb(sdb s, const sdb t);
sdb sdbcatstrlen(sdb s, const void *t, size_t len); //paste strings to the end of blocks
sdb sdbcatstr(sdb s, const char *t);
sdb sdbcatsds(sdb s, const sds t);
sdb sdbcpy(sdb s, const void *t, size_t len);
sdb sdbcpystrlen(sdb s, const char *t, size_t len);
sdb sdbcpystr(sdb s, const char *t);
//pastes a formatted string plus \0 to the end of the buffer
sdb sdbcatvprintf(sdb s, const char *fmt, va_list ap);
#ifdef __GNUC__
sdb sdbcatprintf(sdb s, const char *fmt, ...)
    __attribute__((format(printf, 2, 3)));
#else
sdb sdbcatprintf(sdb s, const char *fmt, ...);
#endif
sdb sdbcatfmt(sdb s, char const *fmt, ...);
sdb sdbtrim(sdb s, const char *cset);                       //trims the bytes in cset, interpreted as c-string
sdb sdbtrimlen(sdb s, const char *cset, size_t set_len);    //the same, but cset is just a byte array, can trim \0
void sdbrange(sdb s, ssize_t start, ssize_t end);


void *sdb_malloc(size_t size);
void *sdb_calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);
void *sdb_realloc(void *ptr, size_t size);
void sdb_free(void *ptr);








/* SDV_SECTION */


/*
 * SDB - Simple Dynamic Vectors.
 * Like SDB, but stores a type size and an element nr instead of the total size
 * (like the params of calloc). There are functions to retrieve specific elements etc.
 * Can be packed or aligned, and can have specified alignment.
 * This layout takes more storage than buffers or strings, but is useful for more
 * complicated dynamic arrays of structs or objects.
 * The functions here should be enough to implement a std::vector.
 * 
 */


struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdvhdr {
    size_t alignment; //alignment of the elements
    size_t type_size; /* size per element */
    uint8_t nr_len; /* used in nr of elements */
    size_t alloc; /* excluding the header; _not_ as number, but the total allocated storage! */
    unsigned char flags; /* includes flags like packed/not packed etc. (later tbd!) */
    char buf[]; //addressed above as a void*
};



//other sequeantial structures as well, like heaps?

//definetly some algorithms, like sort, search, regex-matching (also for strings) etc.






#ifdef SDLIB_IMPLEMENTATION


/* SDS allocator selection.
 *
 * This file is used in order to change the SDS allocator at compile time.
 * Just define the following defines to what you want to use. Also add
 * the include of your alternate allocator if needed (not needed in order
 * to use the default libc allocator). */

#define s_malloc malloc
#define s_realloc realloc
#define s_calloc calloc //this is introduced for SDB to allocate a zeroed buffer
#define s_free free


#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <limits.h>




/* SDS2_BYTESTR_SECTION */

//copy original here

/* SDS2_UTF8_SECTION */


const char *SDS_NOINIT = "SDS_NOINIT";

static inline int sdsHdrSize(char type) {
    switch(type&SDS_TYPE_MASK) {
        case SDS_TYPE_5:
            return sizeof(struct sdsutf8hdr5);
        case SDS_TYPE_8:
            return sizeof(struct sdsutf8hdr8);
        case SDS_TYPE_16:
            return sizeof(struct sdsutf8hdr16);
        case SDS_TYPE_32:
            return sizeof(struct sdsutf8hdr32);
        case SDS_TYPE_64:
            return sizeof(struct sdsutf8hdr64);
    }
    return 0;
}

static inline char sdsReqType(size_t string_size) {
    if (string_size < 1<<5)
        return SDS_TYPE_5;
    if (string_size < 1<<8)
        return SDS_TYPE_8;
    if (string_size < 1<<16)
        return SDS_TYPE_16;
#if (LONG_MAX == LLONG_MAX)
    if (string_size < 1ll<<32)
        return SDS_TYPE_32;
    return SDS_TYPE_64;
#else
    return SDS_TYPE_32;
#endif
}

/* Create a new sds string with the content specified by the 'init' pointer
 * and 'initlen'.
 * If NULL is used for 'init' the string is initialized with zero bytes.
 * If SDS_NOINIT is used, the buffer is left uninitialized;
 *
 * The string is always null-terminated (all the sds strings are, always) so
 * even if you create an sds string with:
 *
 * mystring = sdsnewlen("abc",3);
 *
 * You can print the string with printf() as there is an implicit \0 at the
 * end of the string. However the string is binary safe and can contain
 * \0 characters in the middle, as the length is stored in the sds header. */
sds sdsnewlen(const void *init, size_t initlen) {
    void *sh;
    sds s;
    char type = sdsReqType(initlen);
    /* Empty strings are usually created in order to append. Use type 8
     * since type 5 is not good at this. */
    if (type == SDS_TYPE_5 && initlen == 0) type = SDS_TYPE_8;
    int hdrlen = sdsHdrSize(type);
    unsigned char *fp; /* flags pointer. */

    sh = s_malloc(hdrlen+initlen+1);
    if (sh == NULL) return NULL;
    if (init==SDS_NOINIT)
        init = NULL;
    else if (!init)
        memset(sh, 0, hdrlen+initlen+1);
    s = (char*)sh+hdrlen;
    fp = ((unsigned char*)s)-1;
    switch(type) {
        case SDS_TYPE_5: {
            *fp = type | (initlen << SDS_TYPE_BITS);
            break;
        }
        case SDS_TYPE_8: {
            SDS_HDR_VAR(8,s);
            sh->len = initlen;
            sh->alloc = initlen;
            *fp = type;
            break;
        }
        case SDS_TYPE_16: {
            SDS_HDR_VAR(16,s);
            sh->len = initlen;
            sh->alloc = initlen;
            *fp = type;
            break;
        }
        case SDS_TYPE_32: {
            SDS_HDR_VAR(32,s);
            sh->len = initlen;
            sh->alloc = initlen;
            *fp = type;
            break;
        }
        case SDS_TYPE_64: {
            SDS_HDR_VAR(64,s);
            sh->len = initlen;
            sh->alloc = initlen;
            *fp = type;
            break;
        }
    }
    if (initlen && init)
        memcpy(s, init, initlen);
    s[initlen] = '\0';
    return s;
}

/* Create an empty (zero length) sds string. Even in this case the string
 * always has an implicit null term. */
sds sdsempty(void) {
    return sdsnewlen("",0);
}

/* Create a new sds string starting from a null terminated C string. */
sds sdsnew(const char *init) {
    size_t initlen = (init == NULL) ? 0 : strlen(init);
    return sdsnewlen(init, initlen);
}

/* Duplicate an sds string. */
sds sdsdup(const sds s) {
    return sdsnewlen(s, sdslen(s));
}

/* Free an sds string. No operation is performed if 's' is NULL. */
void sdsfree(sds s) {
    if (s == NULL) return;
    s_free((char*)s-sdsHdrSize(s[-1]));
}

/* Set the sds string length to the length as obtained with strlen(), so
 * considering as content only up to the first null term character.
 *
 * This function is useful when the sds string is hacked manually in some
 * way, like in the following example:
 *
 * s = sdsnew("foobar");
 * s[2] = '\0';
 * sdsupdatelen(s);
 * printf("%d\n", sdslen(s));
 *
 * The output will be "2", but if we comment out the call to sdsupdatelen()
 * the output will be "6" as the string was modified but the logical length
 * remains 6 bytes. */
void sdsupdatelen(sds s) {
    size_t reallen = strlen(s);
    sdssetlen(s, reallen);
}

/* Modify an sds string in-place to make it empty (zero length).
 * However all the existing buffer is not discarded but set as free space
 * so that next append operations will not require allocations up to the
 * number of bytes previously available. */
void sdsclear(sds s) {
    sdssetlen(s, 0);
    s[0] = '\0';
}

/* Enlarge the free space at the end of the sds string so that the caller
 * is sure that after calling this function can overwrite up to addlen
 * bytes after the end of the string, plus one more byte for nul term.
 *
 * Note: this does not change the *length* of the sds string as returned
 * by sdslen(), but only the free buffer space we have. */
sds sdsMakeRoomFor(sds s, size_t addlen) {
    void *sh, *newsh;
    size_t avail = sdsavail(s);
    size_t len, newlen, reqlen;
    char type, oldtype = s[-1] & SDS_TYPE_MASK;
    int hdrlen;

    /* Return ASAP if there is enough space left. */
    if (avail >= addlen) return s;

    len = sdslen(s);
    sh = (char*)s-sdsHdrSize(oldtype);
    reqlen = newlen = (len+addlen);
    if (newlen < SDS_MAX_PREALLOC)
        newlen *= 2;
    else
        newlen += SDS_MAX_PREALLOC;

    type = sdsReqType(newlen);

    /* Don't use type 5: the user is appending to the string and type 5 is
     * not able to remember empty space, so sdsMakeRoomFor() must be called
     * at every appending operation. */
    if (type == SDS_TYPE_5) type = SDS_TYPE_8;

    hdrlen = sdsHdrSize(type);
    assert(hdrlen + newlen + 1 > reqlen); /* Catch size_t overflow */
    if (oldtype==type) {
        newsh = s_realloc(sh, hdrlen+newlen+1);
        if (newsh == NULL) return NULL;
        s = (char*)newsh+hdrlen;
    } else {
        /* Since the header size changes, need to move the string forward,
         * and can't use realloc */
        newsh = s_malloc(hdrlen+newlen+1);
        if (newsh == NULL) return NULL;
        memcpy((char*)newsh+hdrlen, s, len+1);
        s_free(sh);
        s = (char*)newsh+hdrlen;
        s[-1] = type;
        sdssetlen(s, len);
    }
    sdssetalloc(s, newlen);
    return s;
}

/* Reallocate the sds string so that it has no free space at the end. The
 * contained string remains not altered, but next concatenation operations
 * will require a reallocation.
 *
 * After the call, the passed sds string is no longer valid and all the
 * references must be substituted with the new pointer returned by the call. */
sds sdsRemoveFreeSpace(sds s) {
    void *sh, *newsh;
    char type, oldtype = s[-1] & SDS_TYPE_MASK;
    int hdrlen, oldhdrlen = sdsHdrSize(oldtype);
    size_t len = sdslen(s);
    size_t avail = sdsavail(s);
    sh = (char*)s-oldhdrlen;

    /* Return ASAP if there is no space left. */
    if (avail == 0) return s;

    /* Check what would be the minimum SDS header that is just good enough to
     * fit this string. */
    type = sdsReqType(len);
    hdrlen = sdsHdrSize(type);

    /* If the type is the same, or at least a large enough type is still
     * required, we just realloc(), letting the allocator to do the copy
     * only if really needed. Otherwise if the change is huge, we manually
     * reallocate the string to use the different header type. */
    if (oldtype==type || type > SDS_TYPE_8) {
        newsh = s_realloc(sh, oldhdrlen+len+1);
        if (newsh == NULL) return NULL;
        s = (char*)newsh+oldhdrlen;
    } else {
        newsh = s_malloc(hdrlen+len+1);
        if (newsh == NULL) return NULL;
        memcpy((char*)newsh+hdrlen, s, len+1);
        s_free(sh);
        s = (char*)newsh+hdrlen;
        s[-1] = type;
        sdssetlen(s, len);
    }
    sdssetalloc(s, len);
    return s;
}

/* Return the total size of the allocation of the specified sds string,
 * including:
 * 1) The sds header before the pointer.
 * 2) The string.
 * 3) The free buffer at the end if any.
 * 4) The implicit null term.
 */
size_t sdsAllocSize(sds s) {
    size_t alloc = sdsalloc(s);
    return sdsHdrSize(s[-1])+alloc+1;
}

/* Return the pointer of the actual SDS allocation (normally SDS strings
 * are referenced by the start of the string buffer). */
void *sdsAllocPtr(sds s) {
    return (void*) (s-sdsHdrSize(s[-1]));
}

/* Increment the sds length and decrements the left free space at the
 * end of the string according to 'incr'. Also set the null term
 * in the new end of the string.
 *
 * This function is used in order to fix the string length after the
 * user calls sdsMakeRoomFor(), writes something after the end of
 * the current string, and finally needs to set the new length.
 *
 * Note: it is possible to use a negative increment in order to
 * right-trim the string.
 *
 * Usage example:
 *
 * Using sdsIncrLen() and sdsMakeRoomFor() it is possible to mount the
 * following schema, to cat bytes coming from the kernel to the end of an
 * sds string without copying into an intermediate buffer:
 *
 * oldlen = sdslen(s);
 * s = sdsMakeRoomFor(s, BUFFER_SIZE);
 * nread = read(fd, s+oldlen, BUFFER_SIZE);
 * ... check for nread <= 0 and handle it ...
 * sdsIncrLen(s, nread);
 */
void sdsIncrLen(sds s, ssize_t incr) {
    unsigned char flags = s[-1];
    size_t len;
    switch(flags&SDS_TYPE_MASK) {
        case SDS_TYPE_5: {
            unsigned char *fp = ((unsigned char*)s)-1;
            unsigned char oldlen = SDS_TYPE_5_LEN(flags);
            assert((incr > 0 && oldlen+incr < 32) || (incr < 0 && oldlen >= (unsigned int)(-incr)));
            *fp = SDS_TYPE_5 | ((oldlen+incr) << SDS_TYPE_BITS);
            len = oldlen+incr;
            break;
        }
        case SDS_TYPE_8: {
            SDS_HDR_VAR(8,s);
            assert((incr >= 0 && sh->alloc-sh->len >= incr) || (incr < 0 && sh->len >= (unsigned int)(-incr)));
            len = (sh->len += incr);
            break;
        }
        case SDS_TYPE_16: {
            SDS_HDR_VAR(16,s);
            assert((incr >= 0 && sh->alloc-sh->len >= incr) || (incr < 0 && sh->len >= (unsigned int)(-incr)));
            len = (sh->len += incr);
            break;
        }
        case SDS_TYPE_32: {
            SDS_HDR_VAR(32,s);
            assert((incr >= 0 && sh->alloc-sh->len >= (unsigned int)incr) || (incr < 0 && sh->len >= (unsigned int)(-incr)));
            len = (sh->len += incr);
            break;
        }
        case SDS_TYPE_64: {
            SDS_HDR_VAR(64,s);
            assert((incr >= 0 && sh->alloc-sh->len >= (uint64_t)incr) || (incr < 0 && sh->len >= (uint64_t)(-incr)));
            len = (sh->len += incr);
            break;
        }
        default: len = 0; /* Just to avoid compilation warnings. */
    }
    s[len] = '\0';
}

/* Grow the sds to have the specified length. Bytes that were not part of
 * the original length of the sds will be set to zero.
 *
 * if the specified length is smaller than the current length, no operation
 * is performed. */
sds sdsgrowzero(sds s, size_t len) {
    size_t curlen = sdslen(s);

    if (len <= curlen) return s;
    s = sdsMakeRoomFor(s,len-curlen);
    if (s == NULL) return NULL;

    /* Make sure added region doesn't contain garbage */
    memset(s+curlen,0,(len-curlen+1)); /* also set trailing \0 byte */
    sdssetlen(s, len);
    return s;
}

/* Append the specified binary-safe string pointed by 't' of 'len' bytes to the
 * end of the specified sds string 's'.
 *
 * After the call, the passed sds string is no longer valid and all the
 * references must be substituted with the new pointer returned by the call. */
sds sdscatlen(sds s, const void *t, size_t len) {
    size_t curlen = sdslen(s);

    s = sdsMakeRoomFor(s,len);
    if (s == NULL) return NULL;
    memcpy(s+curlen, t, len);
    sdssetlen(s, curlen+len);
    s[curlen+len] = '\0';
    return s;
}

/* Append the specified null termianted C string to the sds string 's'.
 *
 * After the call, the passed sds string is no longer valid and all the
 * references must be substituted with the new pointer returned by the call. */
sds sdscat(sds s, const char *t) {
    return sdscatlen(s, t, strlen(t));
}

/* Append the specified sds 't' to the existing sds 's'.
 *
 * After the call, the modified sds string is no longer valid and all the
 * references must be substituted with the new pointer returned by the call. */
sds sdscatsds(sds s, const sds t) {
    return sdscatlen(s, t, sdslen(t));
}

/* Destructively modify the sds string 's' to hold the specified binary
 * safe string pointed by 't' of length 'len' bytes. */
sds sdscpylen(sds s, const char *t, size_t len) {
    if (sdsalloc(s) < len) {
        s = sdsMakeRoomFor(s,len-sdslen(s));
        if (s == NULL) return NULL;
    }
    memcpy(s, t, len);
    s[len] = '\0';
    sdssetlen(s, len);
    return s;
}

/* Like sdscpylen() but 't' must be a null-terminated string so that the length
 * of the string is obtained with strlen(). */
sds sdscpy(sds s, const char *t) {
    return sdscpylen(s, t, strlen(t));
}

/* Helper for sdscatlonglong() doing the actual number -> string
 * conversion. 's' must point to a string with room for at least
 * SDS_LLSTR_SIZE bytes.
 *
 * The function returns the length of the null-terminated string
 * representation stored at 's'. */
#define SDS_LLSTR_SIZE 21
int sdsll2str(char *s, long long value) {
    char *p, aux;
    unsigned long long v;
    size_t l;

    /* Generate the string representation, this method produces
     * an reversed string. */
    if (value < 0) {
        /* Since v is unsigned, if value==LLONG_MIN then
         * -LLONG_MIN will overflow. */
        if (value != LLONG_MIN) {
            v = -value;
        } else {
            v = ((unsigned long long)LLONG_MAX) + 1;
        }
    } else {
        v = value;
    }

    p = s;
    do {
        *p++ = '0'+(v%10);
        v /= 10;
    } while(v);
    if (value < 0) *p++ = '-';

    /* Compute length and add null term. */
    l = p-s;
    *p = '\0';

    /* Reverse the string. */
    p--;
    while(s < p) {
        aux = *s;
        *s = *p;
        *p = aux;
        s++;
        p--;
    }
    return l;
}

/* Identical sdsll2str(), but for unsigned long long type. */
int sdsull2str(char *s, unsigned long long v) {
    char *p, aux;
    size_t l;

    /* Generate the string representation, this method produces
     * an reversed string. */
    p = s;
    do {
        *p++ = '0'+(v%10);
        v /= 10;
    } while(v);

    /* Compute length and add null term. */
    l = p-s;
    *p = '\0';

    /* Reverse the string. */
    p--;
    while(s < p) {
        aux = *s;
        *s = *p;
        *p = aux;
        s++;
        p--;
    }
    return l;
}

/* Create an sds string from a long long value. It is much faster than:
 *
 * sdscatprintf(sdsempty(),"%lld\n", value);
 */
sds sdsfromlonglong(long long value) {
    char buf[SDS_LLSTR_SIZE];
    int len = sdsll2str(buf,value);

    return sdsnewlen(buf,len);
}

/* Like sdscatprintf() but gets va_list instead of being variadic. */
sds sdscatvprintf(sds s, const char *fmt, va_list ap) {
    va_list cpy;
    char staticbuf[1024], *buf = staticbuf, *t;
    size_t buflen = strlen(fmt)*2;
    int bufstrlen;

    /* We try to start using a static buffer for speed.
     * If not possible we revert to heap allocation. */
    if (buflen > sizeof(staticbuf)) {
        buf = s_malloc(buflen);
        if (buf == NULL) return NULL;
    } else {
        buflen = sizeof(staticbuf);
    }

    /* Alloc enough space for buffer and \0 after failing to
     * fit the string in the current buffer size. */
    while(1) {
        va_copy(cpy,ap);
        bufstrlen = vsnprintf(buf, buflen, fmt, cpy);
        va_end(cpy);
        if (bufstrlen < 0) {
            if (buf != staticbuf) s_free(buf);
            return NULL;
        }
        if (((size_t)bufstrlen) >= buflen) {
            if (buf != staticbuf) s_free(buf);
            buflen = ((size_t)bufstrlen) + 1;
            buf = s_malloc(buflen);
            if (buf == NULL) return NULL;
            continue;
        }
        break;
    }

    /* Finally concat the obtained string to the SDS string and return it. */
    t = sdscatlen(s, buf, bufstrlen);
    if (buf != staticbuf) s_free(buf);
    return t;
}

/* Append to the sds string 's' a string obtained using printf-alike format
 * specifier.
 *
 * After the call, the modified sds string is no longer valid and all the
 * references must be substituted with the new pointer returned by the call.
 *
 * Example:
 *
 * s = sdsnew("Sum is: ");
 * s = sdscatprintf(s,"%d+%d = %d",a,b,a+b).
 *
 * Often you need to create a string from scratch with the printf-alike
 * format. When this is the need, just use sdsempty() as the target string:
 *
 * s = sdscatprintf(sdsempty(), "... your format ...", args);
 */
sds sdscatprintf(sds s, const char *fmt, ...) {
    va_list ap;
    char *t;
    va_start(ap, fmt);
    t = sdscatvprintf(s,fmt,ap);
    va_end(ap);
    return t;
}

/* This function is similar to sdscatprintf, but much faster as it does
 * not rely on sprintf() family functions implemented by the libc that
 * are often very slow. Moreover directly handling the sds string as
 * new data is concatenated provides a performance improvement.
 *
 * However this function only handles an incompatible subset of printf-alike
 * format specifiers:
 *
 * %s - C String
 * %S - SDS string
 * %i - signed int
 * %I - 64 bit signed integer (long long, int64_t)
 * %u - unsigned int
 * %U - 64 bit unsigned integer (unsigned long long, uint64_t)
 * %% - Verbatim "%" character.
 */
sds sdscatfmt(sds s, char const *fmt, ...) {
    size_t initlen = sdslen(s);
    const char *f = fmt;
    long i;
    va_list ap;

    /* To avoid continuous reallocations, let's start with a buffer that
     * can hold at least two times the format string itself. It's not the
     * best heuristic but seems to work in practice. */
    s = sdsMakeRoomFor(s, initlen + strlen(fmt)*2);
    va_start(ap,fmt);
    f = fmt;    /* Next format specifier byte to process. */
    i = initlen; /* Position of the next byte to write to dest str. */
    while(*f) {
        char next, *str;
        size_t l;
        long long num;
        unsigned long long unum;

        /* Make sure there is always space for at least 1 char. */
        if (sdsavail(s)==0) {
            s = sdsMakeRoomFor(s,1);
        }

        switch(*f) {
        case '%':
            next = *(f+1);
            if (next == '\0') break;
            f++;
            switch(next) {
            case 's':
            case 'S':
                str = va_arg(ap,char*);
                l = (next == 's') ? strlen(str) : sdslen(str);
                if (sdsavail(s) < l) {
                    s = sdsMakeRoomFor(s,l);
                }
                memcpy(s+i,str,l);
                sdsinclen(s,l);
                i += l;
                break;
            case 'i':
            case 'I':
                if (next == 'i')
                    num = va_arg(ap,int);
                else
                    num = va_arg(ap,long long);
                {
                    char buf[SDS_LLSTR_SIZE];
                    l = sdsll2str(buf,num);
                    if (sdsavail(s) < l) {
                        s = sdsMakeRoomFor(s,l);
                    }
                    memcpy(s+i,buf,l);
                    sdsinclen(s,l);
                    i += l;
                }
                break;
            case 'u':
            case 'U':
                if (next == 'u')
                    unum = va_arg(ap,unsigned int);
                else
                    unum = va_arg(ap,unsigned long long);
                {
                    char buf[SDS_LLSTR_SIZE];
                    l = sdsull2str(buf,unum);
                    if (sdsavail(s) < l) {
                        s = sdsMakeRoomFor(s,l);
                    }
                    memcpy(s+i,buf,l);
                    sdsinclen(s,l);
                    i += l;
                }
                break;
            default: /* Handle %% and generally %<unknown>. */
                s[i++] = next;
                sdsinclen(s,1);
                break;
            }
            break;
        default:
            s[i++] = *f;
            sdsinclen(s,1);
            break;
        }
        f++;
    }
    va_end(ap);

    /* Add null-term */
    s[i] = '\0';
    return s;
}

/* Remove the part of the string from left and from right composed just of
 * contiguous characters found in 'cset', that is a null terminated C string.
 *
 * After the call, the modified sds string is no longer valid and all the
 * references must be substituted with the new pointer returned by the call.
 *
 * Example:
 *
 * s = sdsnew("AA...AA.a.aa.aHelloWorld     :::");
 * s = sdstrim(s,"Aa. :");
 * printf("%s\n", s);
 *
 * Output will be just "HelloWorld".
 */
sds sdstrim(sds s, const char *cset) {
    char *end, *sp, *ep;
    size_t len;

    sp = s;
    ep = end = s+sdslen(s)-1;
    while(sp <= end && strchr(cset, *sp)) sp++;
    while(ep > sp && strchr(cset, *ep)) ep--;
    len = (ep-sp)+1;
    if (s != sp) memmove(s, sp, len);
    s[len] = '\0';
    sdssetlen(s,len);
    return s;
}

/* Turn the string into a smaller (or equal) string containing only the
 * substring specified by the 'start' and 'end' indexes.
 *
 * start and end can be negative, where -1 means the last character of the
 * string, -2 the penultimate character, and so forth.
 *
 * The interval is inclusive, so the start and end characters will be part
 * of the resulting string.
 *
 * The string is modified in-place.
 *
 * Example:
 *
 * s = sdsnew("Hello World");
 * sdsrange(s,1,-1); => "ello World"
 */
void sdsrange(sds s, ssize_t start, ssize_t end) {
    size_t newlen, len = sdslen(s);

    if (len == 0) return;
    if (start < 0) {
        start = len+start;
        if (start < 0) start = 0;
    }
    if (end < 0) {
        end = len+end;
        if (end < 0) end = 0;
    }
    newlen = (start > end) ? 0 : (end-start)+1;
    if (newlen != 0) {
        if (start >= (ssize_t)len) {
            newlen = 0;
        } else if (end >= (ssize_t)len) {
            end = len-1;
            newlen = (end-start)+1;
        }
    }
    if (start && newlen) memmove(s, s+start, newlen);
    s[newlen] = 0;
    sdssetlen(s,newlen);
}

/* Apply tolower() to every character of the sds string 's'. */
void sdstolower(sds s) {
    size_t len = sdslen(s), j;

    for (j = 0; j < len; j++) s[j] = tolower(s[j]);
}

/* Apply toupper() to every character of the sds string 's'. */
void sdstoupper(sds s) {
    size_t len = sdslen(s), j;

    for (j = 0; j < len; j++) s[j] = toupper(s[j]);
}

/* Compare two sds strings s1 and s2 with memcmp().
 *
 * Return value:
 *
 *     positive if s1 > s2.
 *     negative if s1 < s2.
 *     0 if s1 and s2 are exactly the same binary string.
 *
 * If two strings share exactly the same prefix, but one of the two has
 * additional characters, the longer string is considered to be greater than
 * the smaller one. */
int sdscmp(const sds s1, const sds s2) {
    size_t l1, l2, minlen;
    int cmp;

    l1 = sdslen(s1);
    l2 = sdslen(s2);
    minlen = (l1 < l2) ? l1 : l2;
    cmp = memcmp(s1,s2,minlen);
    if (cmp == 0) return l1>l2? 1: (l1<l2? -1: 0);
    return cmp;
}

/* Split 's' with separator in 'sep'. An array
 * of sds strings is returned. *count will be set
 * by reference to the number of tokens returned.
 *
 * On out of memory, zero length string, zero length
 * separator, NULL is returned.
 *
 * Note that 'sep' is able to split a string using
 * a multi-character separator. For example
 * sdssplit("foo_-_bar","_-_"); will return two
 * elements "foo" and "bar".
 *
 * This version of the function is binary-safe but
 * requires length arguments. sdssplit() is just the
 * same function but for zero-terminated strings.
 */
sds *sdssplitlen(const char *s, ssize_t len, const char *sep, int seplen, int *count) {
    int elements = 0, slots = 5;
    long start = 0, j;
    sds *tokens;

    if (seplen < 1 || len <= 0) {
        *count = 0;
        return NULL;
    }

    tokens = s_malloc(sizeof(sds)*slots);
    if (tokens == NULL) return NULL;

    for (j = 0; j < (len-(seplen-1)); j++) {
        /* make sure there is room for the next element and the final one */
        if (slots < elements+2) {
            sds *newtokens;

            slots *= 2;
            newtokens = s_realloc(tokens,sizeof(sds)*slots);
            if (newtokens == NULL) goto cleanup;
            tokens = newtokens;
        }
        /* search the separator */
        if ((seplen == 1 && *(s+j) == sep[0]) || (memcmp(s+j,sep,seplen) == 0)) {
            tokens[elements] = sdsnewlen(s+start,j-start);
            if (tokens[elements] == NULL) goto cleanup;
            elements++;
            start = j+seplen;
            j = j+seplen-1; /* skip the separator */
        }
    }
    /* Add the final element. We are sure there is room in the tokens array. */
    tokens[elements] = sdsnewlen(s+start,len-start);
    if (tokens[elements] == NULL) goto cleanup;
    elements++;
    *count = elements;
    return tokens;

cleanup:
    {
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < elements; i++) sdsfree(tokens[i]);
        s_free(tokens);
        *count = 0;
        return NULL;
    }
}

/* Free the result returned by sdssplitlen(), or do nothing if 'tokens' is NULL. */
void sdsfreesplitres(sds *tokens, int count) {
    if (!tokens) return;
    while(count--)
        sdsfree(tokens[count]);
    s_free(tokens);
}

/* Append to the sds string "s" an escaped string representation where
 * all the non-printable characters (tested with isprint()) are turned into
 * escapes in the form "\n\r\a...." or "\x<hex-number>".
 *
 * After the call, the modified sds string is no longer valid and all the
 * references must be substituted with the new pointer returned by the call. */
sds sdscatrepr(sds s, const char *p, size_t len) {
    s = sdscatlen(s,"\"",1);
    while(len--) {
        switch(*p) {
        case '\\':
        case '"':
            s = sdscatprintf(s,"\\%c",*p);
            break;
        case '\n': s = sdscatlen(s,"\\n",2); break;
        case '\r': s = sdscatlen(s,"\\r",2); break;
        case '\t': s = sdscatlen(s,"\\t",2); break;
        case '\a': s = sdscatlen(s,"\\a",2); break;
        case '\b': s = sdscatlen(s,"\\b",2); break;
        default:
            if (isprint(*p))
                s = sdscatprintf(s,"%c",*p);
            else
                s = sdscatprintf(s,"\\x%02x",(unsigned char)*p);
            break;
        }
        p++;
    }
    return sdscatlen(s,"\"",1);
}

/* Helper function for sdssplitargs() that returns non zero if 'c'
 * is a valid hex digit. */
int is_hex_digit(char c) {
    return (c >= '0' && c <= '9') || (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') ||
           (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F');
}

/* Helper function for sdssplitargs() that converts a hex digit into an
 * integer from 0 to 15 */
int hex_digit_to_int(char c) {
    switch(c) {
    case '0': return 0;
    case '1': return 1;
    case '2': return 2;
    case '3': return 3;
    case '4': return 4;
    case '5': return 5;
    case '6': return 6;
    case '7': return 7;
    case '8': return 8;
    case '9': return 9;
    case 'a': case 'A': return 10;
    case 'b': case 'B': return 11;
    case 'c': case 'C': return 12;
    case 'd': case 'D': return 13;
    case 'e': case 'E': return 14;
    case 'f': case 'F': return 15;
    default: return 0;
    }
}

/* Split a line into arguments, where every argument can be in the
 * following programming-language REPL-alike form:
 *
 * foo bar "newline are supported\n" and "\xff\x00otherstuff"
 *
 * The number of arguments is stored into *argc, and an array
 * of sds is returned.
 *
 * The caller should free the resulting array of sds strings with
 * sdsfreesplitres().
 *
 * Note that sdscatrepr() is able to convert back a string into
 * a quoted string in the same format sdssplitargs() is able to parse.
 *
 * The function returns the allocated tokens on success, even when the
 * input string is empty, or NULL if the input contains unbalanced
 * quotes or closed quotes followed by non space characters
 * as in: "foo"bar or "foo'
 */
sds *sdssplitargs(const char *line, int *argc) {
    const char *p = line;
    char *current = NULL;
    char **vector = NULL;

    *argc = 0;
    while(1) {
        /* skip blanks */
        while(*p && isspace(*p)) p++;
        if (*p) {
            /* get a token */
            int inq=0;  /* set to 1 if we are in "quotes" */
            int insq=0; /* set to 1 if we are in 'single quotes' */
            int done=0;

            if (current == NULL) current = sdsempty();
            while(!done) {
                if (inq) {
                    if (*p == '\\' && *(p+1) == 'x' &&
                                             is_hex_digit(*(p+2)) &&
                                             is_hex_digit(*(p+3)))
                    {
                        unsigned char byte;

                        byte = (hex_digit_to_int(*(p+2))*16)+
                                hex_digit_to_int(*(p+3));
                        current = sdscatlen(current,(char*)&byte,1);
                        p += 3;
                    } else if (*p == '\\' && *(p+1)) {
                        char c;

                        p++;
                        switch(*p) {
                        case 'n': c = '\n'; break;
                        case 'r': c = '\r'; break;
                        case 't': c = '\t'; break;
                        case 'b': c = '\b'; break;
                        case 'a': c = '\a'; break;
                        default: c = *p; break;
                        }
                        current = sdscatlen(current,&c,1);
                    } else if (*p == '"') {
                        /* closing quote must be followed by a space or
                         * nothing at all. */
                        if (*(p+1) && !isspace(*(p+1))) goto err;
                        done=1;
                    } else if (!*p) {
                        /* unterminated quotes */
                        goto err;
                    } else {
                        current = sdscatlen(current,p,1);
                    }
                } else if (insq) {
                    if (*p == '\\' && *(p+1) == '\'') {
                        p++;
                        current = sdscatlen(current,"'",1);
                    } else if (*p == '\'') {
                        /* closing quote must be followed by a space or
                         * nothing at all. */
                        if (*(p+1) && !isspace(*(p+1))) goto err;
                        done=1;
                    } else if (!*p) {
                        /* unterminated quotes */
                        goto err;
                    } else {
                        current = sdscatlen(current,p,1);
                    }
                } else {
                    switch(*p) {
                    case ' ':
                    case '\n':
                    case '\r':
                    case '\t':
                    case '\0':
                        done=1;
                        break;
                    case '"':
                        inq=1;
                        break;
                    case '\'':
                        insq=1;
                        break;
                    default:
                        current = sdscatlen(current,p,1);
                        break;
                    }
                }
                if (*p) p++;
            }
            /* add the token to the vector */
            vector = s_realloc(vector,((*argc)+1)*sizeof(char*));
            vector[*argc] = current;
            (*argc)++;
            current = NULL;
        } else {
            /* Even on empty input string return something not NULL. */
            if (vector == NULL) vector = s_malloc(sizeof(void*));
            return vector;
        }
    }

err:
    while((*argc)--)
        sdsfree(vector[*argc]);
    s_free(vector);
    if (current) sdsfree(current);
    *argc = 0;
    return NULL;
}

/* Modify the string substituting all the occurrences of the set of
 * characters specified in the 'from' string to the corresponding character
 * in the 'to' array.
 *
 * For instance: sdsmapchars(mystring, "ho", "01", 2)
 * will have the effect of turning the string "hello" into "0ell1".
 *
 * The function returns the sds string pointer, that is always the same
 * as the input pointer since no resize is needed. */
sds sdsmapchars(sds s, const char *from, const char *to, size_t setlen) {
    size_t j, i, l = sdslen(s);

    for (j = 0; j < l; j++) {
        for (i = 0; i < setlen; i++) {
            if (s[j] == from[i]) {
                s[j] = to[i];
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    return s;
}

/* Join an array of C strings using the specified separator (also a C string).
 * Returns the result as an sds string. */
sds sdsjoin(char **argv, int argc, char *sep) {
    sds join = sdsempty();
    int j;

    for (j = 0; j < argc; j++) {
        join = sdscat(join, argv[j]);
        if (j != argc-1) join = sdscat(join,sep);
    }
    return join;
}

/* Like sdsjoin, but joins an array of SDS strings. */
sds sdsjoinsds(sds *argv, int argc, const char *sep, size_t seplen) {
    sds join = sdsempty();
    int j;

    for (j = 0; j < argc; j++) {
        join = sdscatsds(join, argv[j]);
        if (j != argc-1) join = sdscatlen(join,sep,seplen);
    }
    return join;
}

/* Wrappers to the allocators used by SDS. Note that SDS will actually
 * just use the macros defined into sdsalloc.h in order to avoid to pay
 * the overhead of function calls. Here we define these wrappers only for
 * the programs SDS is linked to, if they want to touch the SDS internals
 * even if they use a different allocator. */
void *sds_malloc(size_t size) { return s_malloc(size); }
void *sds_realloc(void *ptr, size_t size) { return s_realloc(ptr,size); }
void sds_free(void *ptr) { s_free(ptr); }

#if defined(SDS_TEST_MAIN)
#include <stdio.h>



/* This is a really minimal testing framework for C.
 *
 * Example:
 *
 * test_cond("Check if 1 == 1", 1==1)
 * test_cond("Check if 5 > 10", 5 > 10)
 * test_report()
 *
 */

#ifndef __TESTHELP_H
#define __TESTHELP_H

int __failed_tests = 0;
int __test_num = 0;
#define test_cond(descr,_c) do { \
    __test_num++; printf("%d - %s: ", __test_num, descr); \
    if(_c) printf("PASSED\n"); else {printf("FAILED\n"); __failed_tests++;} \
} while(0);
#define test_report() do { \
    printf("%d tests, %d passed, %d failed\n", __test_num, \
                    __test_num-__failed_tests, __failed_tests); \
    if (__failed_tests) { \
        printf("=== WARNING === We have failed tests here...\n"); \
        exit(1); \
    } \
} while(0);

#endif





#include <limits.h>

#define UNUSED(x) (void)(x)
int sdsTest(void) {
    {
        sds x = sdsnew("foo"), y;

        test_cond("Create a string and obtain the length",
            sdslen(x) == 3 && memcmp(x,"foo\0",4) == 0)

        sdsfree(x);
        x = sdsnewlen("foo",2);
        test_cond("Create a string with specified length",
            sdslen(x) == 2 && memcmp(x,"fo\0",3) == 0)

        x = sdscat(x,"bar");
        test_cond("Strings concatenation",
            sdslen(x) == 5 && memcmp(x,"fobar\0",6) == 0);

        x = sdscpy(x,"a");
        test_cond("sdscpy() against an originally longer string",
            sdslen(x) == 1 && memcmp(x,"a\0",2) == 0)

        x = sdscpy(x,"xyzxxxxxxxxxxyyyyyyyyyykkkkkkkkkk");
        test_cond("sdscpy() against an originally shorter string",
            sdslen(x) == 33 &&
            memcmp(x,"xyzxxxxxxxxxxyyyyyyyyyykkkkkkkkkk\0",33) == 0)

        sdsfree(x);
        x = sdscatprintf(sdsempty(),"%d",123);
        test_cond("sdscatprintf() seems working in the base case",
            sdslen(x) == 3 && memcmp(x,"123\0",4) == 0)

        sdsfree(x);
        x = sdscatprintf(sdsempty(),"a%cb",0);
        test_cond("sdscatprintf() seems working with \\0 inside of result",
            sdslen(x) == 3 && memcmp(x,"a\0""b\0",4) == 0)

        {
            sdsfree(x);
            char etalon[1024*1024];
            for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(etalon); i++) {
                etalon[i] = '0';
            }
            x = sdscatprintf(sdsempty(),"%0*d",(int)sizeof(etalon),0);
            test_cond("sdscatprintf() can print 1MB",
                sdslen(x) == sizeof(etalon) && memcmp(x,etalon,sizeof(etalon)) == 0)
        }

        sdsfree(x);
        x = sdsnew("--");
        x = sdscatfmt(x, "Hello %s World %I,%I--", "Hi!", LLONG_MIN,LLONG_MAX);
        test_cond("sdscatfmt() seems working in the base case",
            sdslen(x) == 60 &&
            memcmp(x,"--Hello Hi! World -9223372036854775808,"
                     "9223372036854775807--",60) == 0)
        printf("[%s]\n",x);

        sdsfree(x);
        x = sdsnew("--");
        x = sdscatfmt(x, "%u,%U--", UINT_MAX, ULLONG_MAX);
        test_cond("sdscatfmt() seems working with unsigned numbers",
            sdslen(x) == 35 &&
            memcmp(x,"--4294967295,18446744073709551615--",35) == 0)

        sdsfree(x);
        x = sdsnew(" x ");
        sdstrim(x," x");
        test_cond("sdstrim() works when all chars match",
            sdslen(x) == 0)

        sdsfree(x);
        x = sdsnew(" x ");
        sdstrim(x," ");
        test_cond("sdstrim() works when a single char remains",
            sdslen(x) == 1 && x[0] == 'x')

        sdsfree(x);
        x = sdsnew("xxciaoyyy");
        sdstrim(x,"xy");
        test_cond("sdstrim() correctly trims characters",
            sdslen(x) == 4 && memcmp(x,"ciao\0",5) == 0)

        y = sdsdup(x);
        sdsrange(y,1,1);
        test_cond("sdsrange(...,1,1)",
            sdslen(y) == 1 && memcmp(y,"i\0",2) == 0)

        sdsfree(y);
        y = sdsdup(x);
        sdsrange(y,1,-1);
        test_cond("sdsrange(...,1,-1)",
            sdslen(y) == 3 && memcmp(y,"iao\0",4) == 0)

        sdsfree(y);
        y = sdsdup(x);
        sdsrange(y,-2,-1);
        test_cond("sdsrange(...,-2,-1)",
            sdslen(y) == 2 && memcmp(y,"ao\0",3) == 0)

        sdsfree(y);
        y = sdsdup(x);
        sdsrange(y,2,1);
        test_cond("sdsrange(...,2,1)",
            sdslen(y) == 0 && memcmp(y,"\0",1) == 0)

        sdsfree(y);
        y = sdsdup(x);
        sdsrange(y,1,100);
        test_cond("sdsrange(...,1,100)",
            sdslen(y) == 3 && memcmp(y,"iao\0",4) == 0)

        sdsfree(y);
        y = sdsdup(x);
        sdsrange(y,100,100);
        test_cond("sdsrange(...,100,100)",
            sdslen(y) == 0 && memcmp(y,"\0",1) == 0)

        sdsfree(y);
        sdsfree(x);
        x = sdsnew("foo");
        y = sdsnew("foa");
        test_cond("sdscmp(foo,foa)", sdscmp(x,y) > 0)

        sdsfree(y);
        sdsfree(x);
        x = sdsnew("bar");
        y = sdsnew("bar");
        test_cond("sdscmp(bar,bar)", sdscmp(x,y) == 0)

        sdsfree(y);
        sdsfree(x);
        x = sdsnew("aar");
        y = sdsnew("bar");
        test_cond("sdscmp(bar,bar)", sdscmp(x,y) < 0)

        sdsfree(y);
        sdsfree(x);
        x = sdsnewlen("\a\n\0foo\r",7);
        y = sdscatrepr(sdsempty(),x,sdslen(x));
        test_cond("sdscatrepr(...data...)",
            memcmp(y,"\"\\a\\n\\x00foo\\r\"",15) == 0)

        {
            char *p;
            int step = 10, j, i;

            sdsfree(x);
            sdsfree(y);
            x = sdsnew("0");
            test_cond("sdsnew() free/len buffers", sdslen(x) == 1 && sdsavail(x) == 0);

            /* Run the test a few times in order to hit the first two
             * SDS header types. */
            for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                int oldlen = sdslen(x);
                x = sdsMakeRoomFor(x,step);
                int type = x[-1]&SDS_TYPE_MASK;

                test_cond("sdsMakeRoomFor() len", sdslen(x) == oldlen);
                if (type != SDS_TYPE_5) {
                    test_cond("sdsMakeRoomFor() free", sdsavail(x) >= step);
                }
                p = x+oldlen;
                for (j = 0; j < step; j++) {
                    p[j] = 'A'+j;
                }
                sdsIncrLen(x,step);
            }
            test_cond("sdsMakeRoomFor() content",
                memcmp("0ABCDEFGHIJABCDEFGHIJABCDEFGHIJABCDEFGHIJABCDEFGHIJABCDEFGHIJABCDEFGHIJABCDEFGHIJABCDEFGHIJABCDEFGHIJ",x,101) == 0);
            test_cond("sdsMakeRoomFor() final length",sdslen(x)==101);

            sdsfree(x);
        }
    }
    test_report()
    return 0;
}
#endif

#ifdef SDS_TEST_MAIN
int main(void) {
    return sdsTest();
}
#endif

#endif /* SDLIB_IMPLEMENTATION */

#endif /* __SDLIB_H */