Prefer const over let

[turnerhayes]

Use const by default.

This is still up for discussion; opening this issue so that it doesn't get lost.

#899 talked about converting var to let; this task will change some lets to const (if they are never reassigned).

[knod]

If we're using const to communicate, a couple other possible perspectives:

1. const should be used anywhere you'd use ALL_CAPS.
2. const should be used where you specifically don't want to change something, not just where some variable has not yet been changed.