This repo contains the starter code for Lecture 5: App Structure.
Here, we're building an app to let users browse CIS 19xx minicourses. The app will start by showing a list of courses, and when the user taps on a course, it will navigate to a new screen displaying the course's description. We'll also add other useful features, like favoriting courses so they appear on the top and animations for course icons.
Here's a walkthrough of the steps we cover in lecture:
We'll start off by setting up the navigation between the root list view and each course detail view. To do that, we'll need to wrap the contents of RootView in a NavigationStack:
struct RootView: View {
var body: some View {
NavigationStack {
List(Course.minicourses) { course in
CourseRowView(course: course)
}
}
}
}Next, we'll update CourseRowView to use NavigationLink with CourseDetailView as a destination. This will make it so that when we tap on a course, the navigation stack will bring us to its description:
struct CourseRowView: View {
let course: Course
var body: some View {
NavigationLink(
destination: {
CourseDetailView(course: course)
},
label: {
Label("**\(course.code)**: \(course.name)", systemImage: course.icon)
}
)
}
}To make the user experience better, we'll add titles to each screen. We can do this by adding the .navigationTitle modifier to the list in RootView:
List(Course.minicourses) { course in
CourseRowView(course: course)
}
.navigationTitle("Minicourses")For the course detail, we'll use the course's code. This time, we'll also use the .navigationBarTitleDisplayMode modifier to make the top bar appear smaller when we navigate:
VStack(alignment: .leading) {
// ...
}
.frame(maxWidth: .infinity, maxHeight: .infinity, alignment: .topLeading)
.padding()
.navigationTitle(course.code)
.navigationBarTitleDisplayMode(.inline)What we have so far is great, but it can get unwieldy putting the CourseDetailView in CourseRowView - ideally, we want CourseRowView to be as small and simple as possible. Fortunately, NavigationStack supports navigating based on values. Let's try it out.
Update the NavigationLink in CourseRowView to this:
NavigationLink(
value: course,
label: {
Label("**\(course.code)**: \(course.name)", systemImage: course.icon)
}
)Now CourseRowView is a lot cleaner, but how will our navigation stack know where to navigate to? To answer that, add a .navigationDestination modifier to RootView, like this:
List(Course.minicourses) { course in
CourseRowView(course: course)
}
.navigationTitle("Minicourses")
.navigationDestination(for: Course.self) { course in
CourseDetailView(course: course)
}With this, NavigationStack will know to show CourseDetailView when we tap on the link.
Now, we're going to add some extra buttons to CourseDetailView!
First, let's add a button that takes us to a random course. Start by adding an HStack to the bottom of the VStack in CourseDetailView like so:
HStack {
NavigationLink(
value: Course.minicourses.randomElement()!,
label: {
Text("Random Course")
}
)
}Now try using this button! If it doesn't work in the preview in CourseDetailView, it's because NavigationLinks only work when nested inside a NavigationStack. However, from the perspective of the preview in CourseDetailView, there is no NavigationStack. Therefore the NavigationLink won't work here (same with .navigationTitle!). To fix this, you can just use the preview in RootView since this has the NavigationStack (or use the simulator). (Or, if you're interested, try to figure out how to get it working in just the preview in CourseDetailView!)
You'll see that the views are "pushed" on top of the current one. But how do we get back to the root view? What if we don't want to have to manually pop each view? Well, that's where NavigationPath comes in! We can add an extra path argument to the NavigationStack to keep track of the current path (think of it like a list of the views, but more specifically a list of the values we specified in navigationDestination). Then we can programmatically edit this path if we wish.
To add this, first we need somewhere to store this variable. Well, we'll want to access this path from anywhere in the app, so it probably makes the most sense to store this in it's own class, and pass this as an environment object everywhere. Therefore, create a new file called NavigationManager with the following class:
import SwiftUI
class NavigationManager: ObservableObject {
@Published var path = NavigationPath()
}Notice this class is an ObservableObject because we will be passing it throughout the view hierarchy. Now, in Minicourse_BrowserApp, create a new state object for this navigation manager, and pass it in as an environment object:
@main
struct Minicourse_BrowserApp: App {
@StateObject var navigationManager = NavigationManager()
var body: some Scene {
WindowGroup {
RootView()
.environmentObject(navigationManager)
}
}
}We now can access this environment object from any child view. Therefore, in RootView, add the environment object:
@EnvironmentObject var navigationManager: NavigationManagerNow we can finally add the path variable to our NavigationStack:
NavigationStack(path: $navigationManager.path) {Note the $ because the NavigationStack needs to modify the path variable, thus we need to pass in a binding. Now our path is actually tracked no matter where we go.
We'll also we also need to pass in the environment object in the preview of RootView:
#Preview {
RootView()
.environmentObject(NavigationManager())
}Finally, we're ready to add a button that takes us back to the home view. In CourseDetailView, add a button to the HStack we made before that says Go Home. Now what do we put for the action? Well, it needs to reset the path, so we can set the path in the environment object to a new instance of NavigationPath like so:
HStack {
Button(action: {
navigationManager.path = NavigationPath()
}) {
Text("Go Home")
}
.buttonStyle(.borderedProminent)
...
}
We also need to add the environment object to this view at the top:
```swift
@EnvironmentObject var navigationManager: NavigationManagerand again add the environment object to the preview:
#Preview {
CourseDetailView(course: Course.minicourses[0])
.environmentObject(NavigationManager())
}Now if we try out this button (again with the preview in RootView or the simulator), we will see that it takes us back to the home view no matter how many views we've pushed to the front! It is also possible to do more customization with NavigationPath (such as removing a couple views from the end), and you can find more details in the documentation.
Now you should understand at a basic level how to use NavigationPath to reset back to the root view. Before moving on to step 4, comment out or delete all of the code you added for Step 3.5. Step 4 will use a different method of navigation, so we will no longer need the NavigationPath.
If we run our app on the iPad, we might notice it's a bit lacking - there's a bunch of screen real estate that we're simply not using. Many iPad apps take advantage of the extra space by showing a sidebar, which lets users quickly jump between content. Let's implement that for our app with a NavigationSplitView.
First, we'll need to add a @State property to keep track of the currently selected course. Go ahead and add this to RootView:
@State var selectedCourse: Course? = nilNext, we'll tell the list to update the selectedCourse property when a course is selected:
List(Course.minicourses, selection: $selectedCourse) { course in
// ...
}Now, let's swap out NavigationStack for NavigationSplitView. Note that the split view takes an extra parameter, the detail parameter, which tells SwiftUI what to show to the right of the sidebar. Let's have detail show the current course, or a placeholder if no course is selected:
NavigationSplitView {
List(Course.minicourses, selection: $selectedCourse) { course in
CourseRowView(course: course)
}
.navigationTitle("Minicourses")
} detail: {
if let selectedCourse {
CourseDetailView(course: selectedCourse)
} else {
Text("Choose a minicourse on the sidebar.")
.foregroundStyle(.secondary)
.padding()
.navigationBarTitleDisplayMode(.inline)
}
}Notice how we got rid of the .navigationDestination modifier - that's because we're now telling the split view what to display in the detail closure.
Note
You might ask: What's that detail: doing there? That's actually a controversial feature called multiple trailing closure syntax. It was subject to some derision when it was initiaally proposed, but it's actually quite useful when dealing with SwiftUI.
If you build and run, you'll notice while the app behaves the same way as before on iPhone, it feels a lot more at home on iPad. That's the magic of NavigationSplitView - it automatically adapts to whatever device you're using.
Now, let's implement the ability to favorite courses. To keep code clean, we'll implement the actual logic for this in a view model so we can separate it from the view itself. Let's make a new file in the "View Models" folder and call it CoursesViewModel.
We'll make a class and fill in its logic:
class CoursesViewModel: ObservableObject {
@Published private var favoritedCourseCodes = Set<String>()
init(favoritedCourseCodes: Set<String> = []) {
self.favoritedCourseCodes = favoritedCourseCodes
}
func isFavorited(course: Course) -> Bool {
return favoritedCourseCodes.contains(course.id)
}
func favorite(course: Course) {
favoritedCourseCodes.insert(course.id)
}
func unfavorite(course: Course) {
favoritedCourseCodes.remove(course.id)
}
var favoritedCourses: [Course] {
Course.minicourses.filter { isFavorited(course: $0) }
}
var unfavoritedCourses: [Course] {
Course.minicourses.filter { !isFavorited(course: $0) }
}
}You may need to import SwiftUI for this to work.
We'll then create an instance of it in the Minicourse_BrowserApp struct and pass it down to our views via a .environmentObject modifier:
@main
struct Minicourse_BrowserApp: App {
@StateObject var coursesViewModel = CoursesViewModel()
var body: some Scene {
WindowGroup {
RootView()
.environmentObject(coursesViewModel)
}
}
}Finally, we'll use this to display separate sections for favorited and unfavorited courses in the list view. First, we'll need to add an @EnvironmentObject property to RootView, like this:
@EnvironmentObject var coursesViewModel: CoursesViewModelThis will fetch the view model from the .environmentObject modifier we added earlier. With this, we can divide the list into two sections, like this:
List(selection: $selectedCourse) {
Section("Favorites") {
ForEach(coursesViewModel.favoritedCourses) { course in
CourseRowView(course: course)
}
}
Section("Others") {
ForEach(coursesViewModel.unfavoritedCourses) { course in
CourseRowView(course: course)
}
}
}When you build and run the app, you'll notice the app now has two sections!
If your preview is crashing, you might need to add .environmentObject to your #Preview as well. You won't have access to Minicourse_BrowserApp's view model, so just instantiate a new one:
#Preview {
RootView()
.environmentObject(CoursesViewModel())
}View models are fun and all, but our CoursesViewModel isn't doing anything useful quite yet. To fix that, we'll add a "Favorite" button to the top bar on the course detail view. We can use the .toolbar modifier on CourseDetailView to accomplish this:
// ...
.navigationTitle(course.code)
.navigationBarTitleDisplayMode(.inline)
.toolbar {
ToolbarItem {
if coursesViewModel.isFavorited(course: course) {
Button("Favorited", systemImage: "star.fill") {
coursesViewModel.unfavorite(course: course)
}
} else {
Button("Add to Favorites", systemImage: "star") {
coursesViewModel.favorite(course: course)
}
}
}
}Of course, we'll need to have CourseDetailView read in coursesViewModel before we can actually use it. To do so, we'll add the same @EnvironmentObject property to CourseDetailView:
@EnvironmentObject var coursesViewModel: CoursesViewModelNow when we run the app, we can favorite and unfavorite courses!
To wrap things up, we'll add a fun animation when we navigate to the course detail view. Specifically, we'll make the icon do a 360° spin and scale up when we enter the screen. First, we'll need a few state variables to store the state of the animation. Add these to CourseDetailView:
@State var scaleEffect: CGFloat = 0
@State var rotationEffect: Angle = .zeroNow, apply the .scaleEffect and .rotationEffect modifiers to the icon:
Image(systemName: course.icon)
.resizable()
.scaledToFit()
.foregroundStyle(.tint)
.scaleEffect(scaleEffect)
.rotationEffect(rotationEffect)
.frame(height: 100)Finally, we'll use .onAppear to trigger the animation when the view appears on screen. We'll update the state variables, and we'll use withAnimation to tell SwiftUI to animate our changes:
// ...
.toolbar {
// ...
}
.onAppear {
withAnimation(.bouncy) {
scaleEffect = 1
rotationEffect = .degrees(360)
}
}And we're done! Go ahead and run the app once more - you'll notice our fancy animation whenever you tap on a course.