Systematize error-issuing and other printing functions

[sauclovian-g]

Right now errors are printed and ensuing aborts taken through an incredible variety of functions, some of which print, some of which throw things meant to be printed, some of which apparently do both, some of which allow position reporting (others don't). There's also a whole second variety of functions for random prints that don't directly cause failure. This should all get systematized; we ought to have one function for panics and a small number more for messages of various types and severities, all defined in one place, and everything should use only those functions.

This offers a whole range of benefits, not limited to:

• make it possible to find all the prints
• make sure position reporting is possible in all contexts
• make position formatting consistent everywhere
• reduce the amount of code on hard-to-test error paths
• make sure anything that should be printed along with each message (such as "please file a bug report") actually is

Interconnected with #2128. Also more or less a prerequisite for #2075.