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curve25519-dalek

A pure-Rust implementation of group operations on Ristretto and Curve25519.

curve25519-dalek is a library providing group operations on the Edwards and Montgomery forms of Curve25519, and on the prime-order Ristretto group.

curve25519-dalek is not intended to provide implementations of any particular crypto protocol. Rather, implementations of those protocols (such as x25519-dalek and ed25519-dalek) should use curve25519-dalek as a library.

curve25519-dalek is intended to provide a clean and safe mid-level API for use implementing a wide range of ECC-based crypto protocols, such as key agreement, signatures, anonymous credentials, rangeproofs, and zero-knowledge proof systems.

In particular, curve25519-dalek implements Ristretto, which constructs a prime-order group from a non-prime-order Edwards curve. This provides the speed and safety benefits of Edwards curve arithmetic, without the pitfalls of cofactor-related abstraction mismatches.

Documentation

The semver-stable, public-facing curve25519-dalek API is documented here. In addition, the unstable internal implementation details are documented here.

The curve25519-dalek documentation requires a custom HTML header to include KaTeX for math support. Unfortunately cargo doc does not currently support this, but docs can be built using

make doc
make doc-internal

Use

To import curve25519-dalek, add the following to the dependencies section of your project's Cargo.toml:

curve25519-dalek = "3"

The sole breaking change in the 3.x series was an update to the digest version, and in terms of non-breaking changes it includes:

  • support for using alloc instead of std on stable Rust,
  • the Elligator2 encoding for Edwards points,
  • a fix to use packed_simd2,
  • various documentation fixes and improvements,
  • support for configurably-sized, precomputed lookup tables for basepoint scalar multiplication,
  • two new formally-verified field arithmetic backends which use the Fiat Crypto Rust code, which is generated from proofs of functional correctness checked by the Coq theorem proving system, and
  • support for explicitly calling the zeroize traits for all point types.

The 2.x series has API almost entirely unchanged from the 1.x series, except that:

  • an error in the data modeling for the (optional) serde feature was corrected, so that when the 2.x-series serde implementation is used with serde-bincode, the derived serialization matches the usual X/Ed25519 formats;
  • the rand version was updated.

See CHANGELOG.md for more details.

Backends and Features

The nightly feature enables features available only when using a Rust nightly compiler. In particular, it is required for rendering documentation and for the SIMD backends.

Curve arithmetic is implemented using one of the following backends:

  • a u32 backend using serial formulas and u64 products;
  • a u64 backend using serial formulas and u128 products;
  • an avx2 backend using parallel formulas and avx2 instructions (sets speed records);
  • an ifma backend using parallel formulas and ifma instructions (sets speed records);

By default the u64 backend is selected. To select a specific backend, use:

cargo build --no-default-features --features "std u32_backend"
cargo build --no-default-features --features "std u64_backend"
# Requires nightly, RUSTFLAGS="-C target_feature=+avx2" to use avx2
cargo build --no-default-features --features "std simd_backend"
# Requires nightly, RUSTFLAGS="-C target_feature=+avx512ifma" to use ifma
cargo build --no-default-features --features "std simd_backend"

Crates using curve25519-dalek can either select a backend on behalf of their users, or expose feature flags that control the curve25519-dalek backend.

The std feature is enabled by default, but it can be disabled for no-std builds using --no-default-features. Note that this requires explicitly selecting an arithmetic backend using one of the _backend features. If no backend is selected, compilation will fail.

Safety

The curve25519-dalek types are designed to make illegal states unrepresentable. For example, any instance of an EdwardsPoint is guaranteed to hold a point on the Edwards curve, and any instance of a RistrettoPoint is guaranteed to hold a valid point in the Ristretto group.

All operations are implemented using constant-time logic (no secret-dependent branches, no secret-dependent memory accesses), unless specifically marked as being variable-time code. We believe that our constant-time logic is lowered to constant-time assembly, at least on x86_64 targets.

As an additional guard against possible future compiler optimizations, the subtle crate places an optimization barrier before every conditional move or assignment. More details can be found in the documentation for the subtle crate.

Some functionality (e.g., multiscalar multiplication or batch inversion) requires heap allocation for temporary buffers. All heap-allocated buffers of potentially secret data are explicitly zeroed before release.

However, we do not attempt to zero stack data, for two reasons. First, it's not possible to do so correctly: we don't have control over stack allocations, so there's no way to know how much data to wipe. Second, because curve25519-dalek provides a mid-level API, the correct place to start zeroing stack data is likely not at the entrypoints of curve25519-dalek functions, but at the entrypoints of functions in other crates.

The implementation is memory-safe, and contains no significant unsafe code. The SIMD backend uses unsafe internally to call SIMD intrinsics. These are marked unsafe only because invoking them on an inappropriate CPU would cause SIGILL, but the entire backend is only compiled with appropriate target_features, so this cannot occur.

Performance

Benchmarks are run using criterion.rs:

cargo bench --no-default-features --features "std u32_backend"
cargo bench --no-default-features --features "std u64_backend"
# Uses avx2 or ifma only if compiled for an appropriate target.
export RUSTFLAGS="-C target_cpu=native"
cargo bench --no-default-features --features "std simd_backend"

Performance is a secondary goal behind correctness, safety, and clarity, but we aim to be competitive with other implementations.

FFI

Unfortunately, we have no plans to add FFI to curve25519-dalek directly. The reason is that we use Rust features to provide an API that maintains safety invariants, which are not possible to maintain across an FFI boundary. For instance, as described in the Safety section above, invalid points are impossible to construct, and this would not be the case if we exposed point operations over FFI.

However, curve25519-dalek is designed as a mid-level API, aimed at implementing other, higher-level primitives. Instead of providing FFI at the mid-level, our suggestion is to implement the higher-level primitive (a signature, PAKE, ZKP, etc) in Rust, using curve25519-dalek as a dependency, and have that crate provide a minimal, byte-buffer-oriented FFI specific to that primitive.

Contributing

Please see CONTRIBUTING.md.

Patches and pull requests should be make against the develop branch, not main.

About

SPOILER ALERT: The Twelfth Doctor's first encounter with the Daleks is in his second full episode, "Into the Dalek". A beleaguered ship of the "Combined Galactic Resistance" has discovered a broken Dalek that has turned "good", desiring to kill all other Daleks. The Doctor, Clara and a team of soldiers are miniaturized and enter the Dalek, which the Doctor names Rusty. They repair the damage, but accidentally restore it to its original nature, causing it to go on the rampage and alert the Dalek fleet to the whereabouts of the rebel ship. However, the Doctor manages to return Rusty to its previous state by linking his mind with the Dalek's: Rusty shares the Doctor's view of the universe's beauty, but also his deep hatred of the Daleks. Rusty destroys the other Daleks and departs the ship, determined to track down and bring an end to the Dalek race.

curve25519-dalek is authored by Isis Agora Lovecruft and Henry de Valence.

Portions of this library were originally a port of Adam Langley's Golang ed25519 library, which was in turn a port of the reference ref10 implementation. Most of this code, including the 32-bit field arithmetic, has since been rewritten.

The fast u32 and u64 scalar arithmetic was implemented by Andrew Moon, and the addition chain for scalar inversion was provided by Brian Smith. The optimised batch inversion was contributed by Sean Bowe and Daira Hopwood.

The no_std and zeroize support was contributed by Tony Arcieri.

The formally verified backends, fiat_u32_backend and fiat_u64_backend, which integrate with the Rust generated by the Fiat Crypto project were contributed by François Garillot.

Thanks also to Ashley Hauck, Lucas Salibian, Manish Goregaokar, Jack Grigg, Pratyush Mishra, Michael Rosenberg, and countless others for their contributions.