diff --git a/Miscellaneous Algorithms/two level scheduling/readme.md b/Miscellaneous Algorithms/two level scheduling/readme.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e4870a7a --- /dev/null +++ b/Miscellaneous Algorithms/two level scheduling/readme.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +Two-level scheduling is a strategy used in operating systems to manage processes efficiently. It divides the scheduling process into two distinct phases to balance resource usage and system responsiveness, particularly in systems with a mix of interactive and batch processes. + +### Description of Two-Level Scheduling + +1. **First Level (Long-Term Scheduling):** + - The long-term scheduler, also called the admission scheduler, determines which processes are admitted to the system for execution. + - It decides the overall mix of active processes in the system by selecting a subset from a larger pool of tasks. Only a portion of processes are allowed into memory based on system resource availability. + - Long-term scheduling helps control the degree of multiprogramming (i.e., the number of concurrent processes in memory). + +2. **Second Level (Short-Term Scheduling):** + - The short-term scheduler, or CPU scheduler, operates on the processes that are already in memory. + - It frequently selects one of these processes to execute on the CPU, switching between processes as needed to optimize CPU utilization and system responsiveness. + - Short-term scheduling uses various algorithms (e.g., round-robin, priority scheduling) to decide which process gets CPU time next. + +### Pros of Two-Level Scheduling + +1. **Improved Resource Utilization:** + - Long-term scheduling controls memory usage by limiting the number of concurrent processes, helping to reduce memory thrashing (frequent page swaps). + +2. **Enhanced System Performance:** + - By focusing on short-term scheduling among active processes, it achieves higher CPU utilization and responsiveness, especially beneficial for interactive applications. + +3. **Reduced Overhead in Process Management:** + - By admitting only a manageable number of processes to memory, the system reduces overhead in handling context switching and managing process queues. + +4. **Flexibility with Different Process Types:** + - Works well in systems with mixed workloads by allowing batch jobs to run efficiently in the background and giving priority to interactive tasks. + +### Cons of Two-Level Scheduling + +1. **Increased Complexity:** + - Requires careful design and tuning to manage the two levels of scheduling effectively, adding to the complexity of the operating system. + +2. **Potential Latency for Batch Processes:** + - Long-term scheduling may delay certain processes (especially lower-priority or batch jobs), affecting the turnaround time for such tasks. + +3. **Memory Management Challenges:** + - Determining the right mix of processes admitted to memory requires sophisticated memory management, and poor decisions may lead to inefficient memory usage. + +4. **Higher Initial Overhead:** + - The process of admitting and scheduling processes at two levels can introduce some initial overhead, potentially slowing down system responsiveness under heavy load conditions. + +Two-level scheduling is particularly beneficial for multi-user systems and real-time applications where maintaining responsiveness for interactive users is critical. However, the additional complexity requires careful management and may not be suitable for simpler or single-user systems.